Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of flagellin secreted by bacteria associated with pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) on pine cells, suspension cells of Pinus thunbergii were treated with flagellin of Pseudomonas fluorescens GcM5-1A, and some physiological indices were determined. Superoxide anions radical (·O2 −) in treated suspension cells increased with prolongation of treatment time, with maximum content of 1,282 μmol g−1 FW at 30 h, but the content of H2O2 gradually decreased as compared with that in the control group. Maximum content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and free proline, which is 1.72 times and 1.49 times of that in the control, respectively, appeared when suspension cells were treated for 12 h, after that both of the contents decreased gradually. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalases (CAT) also increased at the primary stage of treatment and then decreased compared with those of the control.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bates, C. J., Waldren, R. P., & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205–207.
Bouranis, D. L., Chorianopoulou, S. N., Siyiannis, V. F., Protonotarios, V. E., & Hawkesford, M. J. (2003). Aerenchyma formation in roots of maize during sulphate starvation. Planta, 217, 382–391.
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248–254.
Chance, B., & Maehly, A. C. (1955). Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Methods in Enzymology, 2, 764–775.
Gómez-Gómez, L., & Boller, T. (2002). Flagellin perception: a paradigm for innate immunity. Trends in Plant Science, 7, 251–256.
Govrin, E. M., & Levine, A. (2000). The hypersensitive response facilitates plant infection by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Current Biology, 10, 751–757.
Guo, Q., Guo, D., Zhao, B., Xu, J., & Li, R. (2007). Two cyclic dipeptides from Pseudomonas fluorescens GcM5-1A carried by the pine wood nematode and their toxicities to Japanese black pine suspension cells and seedlings in vitro. Journal of Nematology, 39, 243–247.
Guo, D. S., Zhao, B. G., Li, R. G., Kulinch, Q. A., & Ryss, A. (2008). Purification of flagellin of Pseudomonas fluorescens GcM5-1A carried by the pine wood nematote, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and its in vitro toxicity to a suspension of cells of Pinus thunbergii. Russian Journal of Nematology, 16(2), 151–157.
Heath, R. L., & Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125, 189–198.
Jones, J. D., & Dang, J. L. (2006). The plant immune system. Nature, 444, 323–329.
Knorzer, O. C., Burner, J., & Boger, P. (1996). Alterations in the antioxidative systerm of suspension-cultured soybean cells (Glycine max) induced by oxidative stress. Physiologia Plantarum, 97, 388–396.
Le Dang, Q., Son, S. W., Cheon, H. M., Choi, G. J., Choi, Y. H., Jang, K. S., et al. (2011). Pyochelin isolated from Burkholderia arboris KRICT1 carried by pine wood nematodes exhibits phytotoxicity in pine callus. Nematology, 13(5), 521–528.
Maxwell, D. P., Wang, Y., & McIntosh, L. (1999). The alternative oxidase lowers mitochondrial reactive oxygen production in plant cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96, 8271–8276.
Mukherjee, S. P., & Choudhuri, M. A. (1983). Implications of water stress-induced changes in the levels of endogenous ascorbic acid and hydrogen peroxide in Vigna seedlings. Physiologia Plantarum, 58, 166–170.
Oh, H. S., & Collmer, A. (2005). Basal resistance against bacteria in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves is accompanied by reduced vascular staining and suppressed by multiple Pseudomonas syringae type III secretion system effector proteins. The Plant Journal, 44, 348–359.
Sui, N., Li, M., Liu, X., Wang, N., Fang, W., & Meng, Q. (2007). Response of xanthophyll cycle and chloroplastic antioxidant enzymes to chilling stress in tomato over-expressing glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene. Photosynthetica, 45, 447–454.
Taguchi, F., Shimizu, R., Nakajima, R., Toyoda, K., Shiraishi, T., & Ichinose, Y. (2003). Differential effects of flagellins from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci, tomato and glycinea on plant defense response. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 41, 165–174.
Taguchi, F., Takeuchi, K., Katoh, E., Murata, K., Suzuki, T., Marutani, M., et al. (2006). Identification of glycosylation genes and glycosylated amino acids of flagellin in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Cellular Microbiology, 8, 923–938.
Tanaka, N., Che, F. S., Watanabe, N., Fujiwara, S., Takayama, S., & Isogai, A. (2003). Flagellin from an incompatible strain of Acidovorax avenae mediates H2O2 generation accompanying hypersensitive cell death and expression of PAL, Cht-1, and PBZ1, but not of Lox in rice. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 16, 422–428.
Wang, X. S., & Han, J. G. (2009). Changes of proline content, activity, and active isoforms of antioxidative enzymes in two alfalfa cultivars under salt stress. Agricultural Sciences in China, 8, 431–440.
Yang, F., & Miao, L. (2010). Adaptive responses to progressive drought stress in two poplar species originating from different altitudes. Silva Fennica, 44(1), 23–37.
Yang, F., Xu, X., Xiao, X., & Li, C. (2009). Responses to drought stress in two poplar species originating from different altitudes. Biologia Plantarum, 53(3), 511–516.
Yang, F., Wang, Y., Wang, J., Deng, W., Liao, L., & Li, M. (2011). Different eco-physiological responses between male and female Populus deltoides clones to waterlogging stress. Forest Ecology and Management, 262(11), 1963–1971.
Zhang, L., Yue, T., Zhao, B., Guo, D., Wu, B., Wang, T., et al. (2012). Flagellin promotes propagation of pine wood nematode and its carrying Pseudomonas fluorescens GcM5-1A in callus of Pinus thunbergii through inducing cell death. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 6(6), 1322–1328.
Zhao, B. G., Wang, H. L., Han, S. F., & Han, Z. M. (2003). Distribution and pathogenicity of bacteria species carried by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in China. Nematology, 5, 899–906.
Zhao, B. G., Futai, K., Sutherland, J. R., & Takeuchi, Y. (2008). Pine wilt disease. New York: Springer.
Zheng, C., Jiang, D., Liu, F., Dai, T., Jing, Q., & Cao, W. (2009). Effects of salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination on leaf photosynthesis, chloroplast ATP synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in wheat. Plant Science, 176, 575–582.
Acknowledgment
This work was in part supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 31070575), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, PR China (No: ZR2010CM009) and Basic Research Project of Qingdao, PR china (No: 12-1-4-2-(1)-jch).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu, Z., Yu, J., Cui, L. et al. Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens flagellin on physiological and biochemical characteristics in the suspension cells of Pinus thunbergii . Eur J Plant Pathol 136, 729–736 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0202-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0202-y