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Diversity, spatial variation, and temporal dynamics of virulences in the German leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis) population in winter rye

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Abstract

A large collection of German rye leaf rust isolates was analysed to characterize the diversity, spatial variation and temporal dynamics of virulences. Virulence-avirulence phenotypes (=pathotypes) were determined on 23 host differentials. We found 93 pathotypes among 177 single-uredinial isolates in 2000, 201 pathotypes among 437 isolates in 2001, and 125 pathotypes among 213 isolates in 2002. In total, the 827 analyzed isolates represented 317 pathotypes. Frequency of virulences on the individual differentials varied from 2% to 97%. Eight of the differentials showed a high resistance level with virulence frequencies <10%. Virulence complexity of the isolates ranged from 3 to 21 with a mean of nine. The percentages of highly virulent isolates (>14 virulences) increased from 4 to 15% during the sampling period. A high level of virulence diversity was observed within and between individual sampling sites with Simpson indices around 0.9. Evenness indices ranged from 0.88 to 0.92. Four of the five most frequent pathotypes were found in each year but their frequency never exceeded 10%. Isolates with unusual virulence combinations could be clearly separated by principal component analysis. Location-specific pathotype frequencies were revealed in each year, but the frequency patterns varied across years. On four fields a considerable increase of highly virulent pathotypes occurred within 6 weeks during the epidemic. The high diversity of pathotypes as well as the fast accumulation of highly virulent pathotypes favour the adaptation of the pathogen to race-specific host resistances. More durable resistance might be achievable by combining new effective race-specific resistances with adult-plant and/or race-non-specific quantitative resistances.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. H.Wortmann (Hybro Saatzucht GmbH & Co. KG), Mrs. B. Schmiedchen and Dr. P. Wilde (KWS LOCHOW GMBH), and Dr. E. Knopf (Dieckmann Seeds GmbH & Co. KG) for their long-lasting interest and support of this study and Mrs. B. Pietschmann for technical assistance. The Julius-Kühn-Institute, Breeding Research on Agricultural Crops, Groß Lüsewitz, and Agricultural Research Institute of Non-Chernozem Zone (Prof. Dr. A.A. Goncharenko, Nemchinovka near Moskow) both contributed generously genetic materials.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Plant Breeding Institute, Universität Hohenheim (720), Fruwirthstrasse 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany

    Thomas Miedaner

  2. Julius-Kühn Institute, Institute of Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Stahnsdorfer Damm 81, 14532, Kleinmachnow, Germany

    Bettina Klocke & Kerstin Flath

  3. Institute of Plant Breeding, Seed Science, and Population Genetics, Universität Hohenheim (350), Fruwirthstrasse 21, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany

    Hartwig H. Geiger

  4. Institute of Plant Breeding and Plant Protection, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Str. 3, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany

    Bettina Klocke & W. Eberhard Weber

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  1. Thomas Miedaner
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  2. Bettina Klocke
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  4. Hartwig H. Geiger
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Correspondence to Thomas Miedaner.

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T. Miedaner and B. Klocke contributed equally to this paper.

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Supplemental Figure 1

Virulence pattern of the six most frequently isolates pathotypes (please refer to Table 4). (DOCX 27 kb)

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Miedaner, T., Klocke, B., Flath, K. et al. Diversity, spatial variation, and temporal dynamics of virulences in the German leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. secalis) population in winter rye. Eur J Plant Pathol 132, 23–35 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-011-9845-8

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