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Coupling hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O and δ13C) to identify factors affecting arsenic enrichment of surface water and groundwater in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, eastern salt range, Punjab, Pakistan

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Abstract

The study area is a part of the Salt Range, where water quality is being deteriorated by natural and anthropogenic sources. This research integrates water quality assessment, arsenic enrichment, hydrogeochemical processes, groundwater recharge and carbon sources in aquifer. Total dissolved solid (TDS) contents in springs water, lake water and groundwater are in range of 681–847 mg/L, 2460–5051 mg/L and 513–7491 mg/L, respectively. The higher concentrations of magnesium and calcium in water bodies next to sodium are because of carbonates, sulfates, halite and silicates dissolution. The average concentrations of ions in groundwater are in order of HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > Na+  > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+ > NO3−, virtually analogous to springs water, but different from lake water, categorized as poor quality and unfit for drinking purposes. Based on major ions hydrochemistry, NaCl and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl type hydrochemical facies are associated with concentration of arsenic (4.2–39.5 µg/L) in groundwater. Groundwater samples (70%) having arsenic concentration (11 ≤ As ≤ 39.5 µg/L) exceeded from World Health Organization (WHO) guideline (As ≤ 10 µg/L) in near neutral to slightly alkaline (6.7 ≤ pH ≤ 8.3), positive Eh(6 ≤ Eh ≤ 204 mV), signifying its oxic condition. Eh–pH diagrams for arsenic and iron indicate that 80% of groundwater for arsenic and iron were in compartments of HAsO42− and Fe(OH)3, unveil oxic environment. Arsenic is moderately positive correlated with TDS, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, sulfate and weak negative with δ13CDIC in surface and groundwater, forecasting multiple sources of arsenic to aquifer. Stable isotopes of waters show recharge of groundwater from local rain and lake water. The lower δ13CDIC values of groundwater are modified by influx of CO2 produced during biological oxidation of soil natural organic matter.

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Abbreviations

As:

Arsenic

Ca2+ :

Calcium

Cl− :

Chloride

DIC:

Dissolved inorganic carbon

Eh:

Redox potential

Fe(OH)3 :

Iron(III) hydroxide

GW:

Groundwater

HAsO4 2 − :

Hydrogen arsenate

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HCO3 − :

Bicarbonate

K+ :

Potassium

KKL:

Kallar Kahar lake

mg/L:

Milligram per liter

Mg2+ :

Magnesium

mV:

Millivolt

Na+ :

Sodium

NO3 − :

Nitrate

pH:

Potential of hydrogen

SO4 2 − :

Sulfate

SW:

Spring water

SI:

Saturation indices

TDS:

Total dissolved solids

TH:

Total hardness

VPDB:

Vienna peedee belemnite

VSMOW:

Vienna standard mean ocean water

WHO:

World Health Organization

µg/L:

Microgram per liter

‰:

Permil

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude to D.G. (PINSTECH), Director Technology and Head Isotope Application Division (Dr. Saira Butt, DCS) for technical and field sampling support for completion of this study. The authors recognize the services of Isotope Geochemistry and Ecological Research Group (IGERG) and Stable Isotope Hydrological Group (SIHG) for provision of technical assistance and stable isotope analyses. Thanks, are also due to Muhammad Bashir, College of Earth and Environmental Science, the University of Punjab, Lahore for providing assistance. The authors would also like to thank valuable comments suggested by reviewers and editor of journal.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Isotope Application Division (IAD), Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH), P.O. Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Tariq Javed

  2. Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Nasir Ahmad

  3. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Sajid Rashid Ahmad

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  1. Tariq Javed
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  2. Nasir Ahmad
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  3. Sajid Rashid Ahmad
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Correspondence to Tariq Javed.

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Javed, T., Ahmad, N. & Ahmad, S.R. Coupling hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes (δ2H, δ18O and δ13C) to identify factors affecting arsenic enrichment of surface water and groundwater in Precambrian sedimentary rocks, eastern salt range, Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Geochem Health 45, 6643–6673 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01635-3

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