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Independent and combined effects of exposure to organophosphate esters on thyroid hormones in children and adolescents

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Abstract

Toxicological studies suggest that organophosphate esters (OPEs) may impair thyroid function. Epidemiological evidence, related to children and adolescents, has not been reported, and little is known about the combined effects of exposure to OPE mixtures. In this study, we collected information of 1156 children and adolescents (aged 6–18 years, 48.4% males) from a cross-sectional study in Liuzhou, China, and measured the levels of 15 urinary OPE metabolites and 5 serum thyroid hormones. Multivariate linear regression and quantile g-computation (QGC) approach were used to examine the associations which adjusted for demographic and lifestyle characteristics. Few participants had levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and free thyroxine (FT4) outside age-specific pediatric ranges. QGC analyses showed that individuals in the second, third, and fourth quartiles (Q2–Q4) of exposure had 3.93% (2.14%, 5.75%), 8.01% (4.32%, 11.8%), and 12.3% (6.54%, 18.3%) higher T3 than those in the first quartile (Q1), with similar pattern for free triiodothyronine (FT3). Individuals in Q2 and Q3 had higher thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) than those in Q1, but no differences were observed in TSH between Q1–Q4. In contrast, compared to the lowest quartile, FT4 was lower for those in Q2 (– 1.54%; 95% CI: – 3.02%, –0.04%), Q3 (–3.07%; 95% CI: –5.95%, –0.09%), and Q4 (–4.56%; 95% CI: – 8.80%, – 0.13%). These associations were consistent with the results from multivariate linear regression. When stratified by sex, OPE exposure (individual or mixtures) was associated with increased T3 and FT3 in males and decreased FT4 in females. This study provides the first evidence to characterize the thyroid-disrupting effects of OPE exposure in children and adolescents.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank all collaborators and children and adolescents who participated in this project.

Funding

This research was funded in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42077397) and the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFC1605100).

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Author notes

  1. Liqin Hu and Bin Zhou have been equally contributed to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Wuhan Children′s Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

    Liqin Hu, Bin Zhou, Jin Wang & Xijiang Hu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China

    Liqin Hu, Yaping Li, Lulu Song, Meng Yu, Xiang Li, Ling Liu, Jing Kou, Youjie Wang & Surong Mei

  3. Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

    Lulu Song & Youjie Wang

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  1. Liqin Hu
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Contributions

HL was involved in the methodology, software, data curation, writing—original draft preparation. BZ contributed to the conceptualization, investigation, and data curation. YL performed the investigation and data curation. LS contributed to the investigation, data curation, software, and language polishing. JW, MY, XL, LL, and JK assisted in the investigation and data curation. YW contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, project administration, and language polishing. XH contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, project administration, resources, and supervision. SM was involved in the conceptualization, methodology, project administration, resources, and supervision.

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Correspondence to Xijiang Hu.

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Hu, L., Zhou, B., Li, Y. et al. Independent and combined effects of exposure to organophosphate esters on thyroid hormones in children and adolescents. Environ Geochem Health 45, 3833–3846 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01464-w

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