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Hydrogeochemical characteristics of a multi-layered coastal aquifer system in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

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Abstract

Groundwater is a primary freshwater source for various domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes, especially in coastal regions where there are lacking surface water supply. However, groundwater quality in coastal regions is often threatened by seawater intrusion and contamination due to both anthropogenic activities and natural processes. Therefore, insights into groundwater geochemistry and occurrences are necessary for sustainable groundwater management in coastal regions. The main aim of this study is to investigate the hydrogeochemical characteristics and their influencing factors in a coastal area of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam (MD). A total of 286 groundwater samples were taken from shallow and deep aquifers for analyzing major ions and stable isotopes. The results show that deep groundwater is dominated by Ca–HCO\(_{3}\), Ca–Na–HCO\(_3\), Ca–Mg–Cl, and Na–HCO\(_3\) while shallow groundwater is dominated by the Na–Cl water type. In this region, the main geochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry are ion exchanges, mineralization and evaporation. Groundwater salinization in coastal aquifers of the Mekong Delta is caused by (1) paleo-seawater intrusion and evaporation occurring in the Holocene and Pleistocene aquifers, (2) dissolution of salt sediment/rock and leakage of saline from upper to lower aquifers due to excessive groundwater exploitation and hydraulic connection. High nitrate concentrations in both shallow and deep aquifers are related to human activities. These results imply that groundwater extraction may exacerbate groundwater quality-related problems and suitable solutions for sustainable groundwater management in the coastal area of the Mekong Delta are needed.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to the Japanese Government scholarships (JDS and MEXT) and the University of Tsukuba for their supports for this study. We also would like to thank Mr.Nguyen Van Chanh and Mr.Thach Hoang Linh for their precious help during our field surveys. We thank the editor and three anonymous reviewers, whose constructive comments helped to improve this manuscript.

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Author notes

  1. Dang An Tran

    Present address: Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

  2. Van Tam Nguyen

    Present address: Department of Hydrogeology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Thuy Loi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam

    Dang An Tran & Van Tam Nguyen

  2. Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Dwight Kambuku

  3. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Maki Tsujimura

  4. Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology – VNU, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

    Le Phu Vo

  5. Institute for Water and Environment Research, Thuy Loi University, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam

    Thanh Duc Dang

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  1. Dang An Tran
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Tran, D.A., Tsujimura, M., Vo, L.P. et al. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of a multi-layered coastal aquifer system in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environ Geochem Health 42, 661–680 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00400-9

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