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Effect of long-term exposure of mixture of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on Scenedesmus obliquus

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Abstract

The present study investigated the possible toxic effect of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on freshwater microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus at environmentally- relevant nanoparticle concentration (1 mg/L) and high concentration (10 mg/L) in BG-11 medium under white light LED-illumination over 35 days. The effect of time on the stability of media, nanoparticles, and their relation to toxicity to algae was also studied. The transmission electron microscopy indicated structural damage to algae due to the presence of a mixture of nanoparticles (at 10 mg/L). FTIR (Fourier Transform infrared) analysis of a sample containing a mixture of nanoparticles showed an addition of bonds and a difference in the peak location and its intensity values. The inhibition time for biomass was observed between 14 days and 21 days at 10 mg/L NPs. At 1 mg/L, the order of toxicity of NPs to algae was found to be: CuO NPs (highest toxicity) > ZnO NPs>ZnO + CuO NPs (least toxicity). During exposure of algae cells to a mixture of NPs at 10 mg/L NP concentration, a smaller value of metal deposition was observed than that during exposure to individual NPs. Antagonistic toxic effects of two NPs on dry cell weight of algae was observed at both concentration levels. Future work is needed to understand the steps involved in toxicity due to mixture of NPs to algae so that environmental exposures of algae to NPs can be managed and minimized.

Highlights

  • Order of toxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) to algae cells: CuO NPs >ZnO NPs > CuO + ZnO NPs.

  • Presence of metal deposition in algal cells at 1 mg/L NP exposure

  • Lesser toxicity to algae cells due to a mixture of NPs than one type of NPs.

  • Long-term toxicity of NPs to algae differs than that of 96-h exposure.

  • Antagonistic toxic effects of ZnO and CuO NPs to algae biomass till 10 mg/L concentration.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi (India) and experiments were performed in Environmental Engineering Laboratory, IIT Delhi, and Central Research Facility, IIT Delhi (FTIR, TEM, and ICP-MS).

Author contributions

SR- conceptualization; data curation; investigation; methodology; visualization; writing-original draft; AK- conceptualization; methodology; supervision; writing-review & editing.

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  1. Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

    Samridhi Rana

  2. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

    Arun Kumar

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Rana, S., Kumar, A. Effect of long-term exposure of mixture of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on Scenedesmus obliquus. Ecotoxicology 32, 1233–1246 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-023-02710-2

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