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Level of UV-B radiation influences the effects of glyphosate-based herbicide on the spotted salamander

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Abstract

Glyphosate-based herbicides are the number one pesticide in the United States and are used commonly around the world. Understanding the affects of glyphosate-based herbicides on non-target wildlife, for example amphibians, is critical for evaluation of regulations pertaining to the use of such herbicides. Additionally, it is important to understand how variation in biotic and abiotic environmental conditions, such as UV-B light regime, could potentially affect how glyphosate-based herbicides interact with non-target species. This study used artificial pond mesocosms to identify the effects of generic glyphosate-based herbicide (GLY-4 Plus) on mortality, cellular immune response, body size, and morphological plasticity of larvae of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) under conditions that reflect moderate (UVM) and low (UVL) UV-B light regimes. Survival within a given UV-B level was unaffected by herbicide presence or absence. However, when herbicide was present, survival varied between UV-B levels with higher survival in UVM conditions. Herbicide presence in the UVM treatments also decreased body size and reduced cellular immune response. In the UVL treatments, the presence of herbicide increased body size and affected tail morphology. Finally, in the absence of herbicide, body size and cellular immune response were higher in UVM treatments compared to UVL treatments. Thus, the effects of herbicide on salamander fitness were dependent on UV-B level. As anthropogenic habitat modifications continue to alter landscapes that contain amphibian breeding ponds, salamanders may increasingly find themselves in locations with reduced canopy cover and increased levels of UV light. Our findings suggest that the probability of surviving exposure to the glyphosate-based herbicide used in this study may be elevated in more open canopy ponds, but the effects on other components of fitness may be varied and unexpected.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank J. Floyd, A. Levis, D. Stinson, A. Esterle, and K. Ziegler for their valuable assistance in animal collection, mesocosm preparation and maintenance, and various other tasks during the experiment. Additionally, we would like to thank A. Meier, M. Collyer, M. Boone, and three anonymous reviewers for critically reading this manuscript. We are grateful to M. Collyer for his invaluable assistance with statistical analysis and R coding. Finally, this work was supported by the Kentucky Academy of Science Marcia Athey Research Grant (NAL), Western Kentucky University Graduate Research Grant (NAL), Western Kentucky RCAP grant (JRJ), and the Western Kentucky University Biodiversity Center and Green River Preserve.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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All field protocols were conducted under necessary permits acquired from state and federal authorities listed above.

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  1. Department of Biology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42101, USA

    Nicholas A. Levis & Jarrett R. Johnson

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Levis, N.A., Johnson, J.R. Level of UV-B radiation influences the effects of glyphosate-based herbicide on the spotted salamander. Ecotoxicology 24, 1073–1086 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-015-1448-2

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