References
Gilfillan AM, Austin SJ, Metcalfe DD. MC biology: introduction and overview. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2011;716:2–12.
Krishnaswamy G, Kelley J, Johnson D, Youngberg G, et al. The human mast cell: functions in physiology and disease. Front Biosci. 2001;6:1109–11027.
Okayama Y, Kawakami T. Development, migration, and survival of mast cells. Immune Res. 2006;34:97–115.
Migalovich-Sheikhet H, Friedman S, Mankuta D, Levi-Schaffer F. Novel identified receptors on mast cells. Front Immunol. 2012;3:238.
Ashman LK. The biology of stem cell factor and its receptor C-kit. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 1999;31:1037–1051.
Miettinen M, Lasota J. KIT (CD117): a review on expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, and mutations and their clinicopathologic correlation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2005;13:205–220.
Lundequist A, Pejler G. Biological implications of preformed mast cell mediators. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011;6:965–975.
Payne V, Kam PC. Mast cell tryptase: a review of its physiology and clinical significance. Anaesthesia. 2004;59:695–703.
Lawrence JB, Friedman BS, Travis WD, Chinchilli VM. Hematologic manifestations of systemic mast cell disease: a prospective study of laboratory and morphologic features and their relation to prognosis. Am J Med. 1991;91:612–624.
Arock M. Mastocytosis, classification, biological diagnosis and therapy. Ann Biol Clin. 2004;62:657–669.
Ertugrul A, Bostanci I, Ozturk Kaymak A, Gurkan A. Pediatric cutaneous mastocytosis and c-KIT mutation screening. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019;40:123–128.
Lim KH, Tefferi A, Lasho TL, Finke C, et al. Systemic mastocytosis in 342 consecutive adults: survival studies and prognostic factors. Blood. 2009;113:5727–5736.
Parsons ME, Ganellin CR. Histamine and its receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;147:127–135.
Togias A. H1-receptors: localization and role in airway physiology and in immune functions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112:60–68.
Haas HL, Sergeeva OA, Selbach O. Histamine in the nervous system. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:1183–1241.
Thrumond R. The histamine H4 receptor: from orphan to the clinic. Front Pharmacol. 2015;6:65.
He A, Shi GP. Mast cell chymase and tryptase as targets for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19:1114–1125.
Martins C, Teixeira C, Ribeiro S, Trabulo D, et al. Systemic mastocytosis: a rare cause of non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:6559–6564.
Schwartz LB. Clinical utility of tryptase levels in systemic mastocytosis and associated hematologic disorders. Leuk Res. 2001;25:553–562.
Metcalfe DD. Classification and diagnosis of mastocytosis: current status. J Invest Dermatol. 1991;96:60–65.
Skrabs CC. Darier sign, a historical note. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1253–1254.
Ray D, Williams G. Pathophysiological causes and clinical significance of flushing. Br J Hosp Med. 1993;50:594–598.
Butterfield JH. Systemic mastocytosis: clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2006;26:487–513.
Jensen RT. Gastrointestinal abnormalities and involvement in systemic mastocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2000;14:579–623.
Cherner JA, Jensen RT, Dubois A, O’Dorisio TM, et al. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in systemic mastocytosis. A prospective study. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:657–667.
Doyle LA, Sepehr GJ, Hamilton MJ, Akin C, et al. A clinico-pathologic study of 24 cases of systemic mastocytosis involving the gastrointestinal tract and assessment of mucosal mast cell density in irritable bowel syndrome and asymptomatic patients. Am J Surg Pathol. 2014;38:832–843.
Arguedas MR, Ferrante D. Systemic mastocytosis and giant gastroduodenal ulcer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;54:530–533.
Scolapio JS, Wolfe J III, Malavet P, Woodward TA. Endoscopic findings in systemic mastocytosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44:608–610.
Horny HP, Kaiserling E, Campbell M, Parwaresch MR, et al. Liver findings in generalized mastocytosis. A clinicopathologic study. Cancer. 1989;63:532–538.
Capron JP, Lebrec D, Degott C, Chivrac D, et al. Portal hypertension in systemic mastocytosis. Gastroenterology. 1978;74:595–597.
Horny HP, Metcalfe DD, Bennett JM, Bain BJ, et al. Mastocytosis (mast cell disease). World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors. Pathology Genetics. Tumors of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. Lyon, France: International agency for research on cancer; 2008:54–63.
Brockow K, Jofer C, Behrendt H, Ring J. Anaphylaxis in patients with mastocytosis: a study on history, clinical features and risk factors in 120 patients. Allergy. 2008;63:226–232.
Horan RF, Sheffer AL, Austen KF. Cromolyn sodium in the management of systemic mastocytosis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1990;85:852–855.
Tolar J, Tope WD, Neglia JP. Leukotriene-receptor inhibition for the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:735–736.
Kasamon YL, Kp CW, Subramania S, Ma L. FDA approval summary: midostaurin for the treatment of advanced systemic mastocytosis. Oncologist. 2018;23:1511–1519.
Vega-Ruiz A, Cortes JE, Sever M, Manshouri T. Phase II study of imatinib mesylate as therapy for patients with systemic mastocytosis. Leuk Res. 2009;33:1481–1484.
Ustun C, Gotlib J, Popat U, Artz A, et al. Consensus opinion on allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in advanced systemic mastocytosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transpl. 2016;22:1348–1356.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gremida, A., Mir, F. & McCarthy, D. A Granular Approach to a Patient with Diarrhea and Flushing. Dig Dis Sci 64, 1792–1797 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05673-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-019-05673-9