Abstract
Background
There is evidence that negative appraisals about events violating moral expectations (i.e., moral injury) may contribute to psychological outcomes (i.e., non-fear reactions, intrusive memories, physiological responses). However, the causal impact of these appraisals is not well understood due to limited attempts to examine these relationships experimentally.
Method
Participants in this study were 123 undergraduate students from the University of New South Wales. Participants engaged in a mental imagery task by listening to an audio scenario of a motor vehicle accident, and then viewed negative emotional images related to the scenario. Participants were primed to focus on aspects of the scenario relating to: (1) moral violations enacted by the self (MI-Self), (2) moral violations enacted by others (MI-Others), or (3) non-moral factors contributing to the accident (No-MI).
Results
Results indicated that both moral-based appraisal groups had significantly lower physiological arousal, compared to the No-MI group. Additionally, participants with lower anxiety in the MI-Self group experienced more guilt, sadness and intrusions compared to the No-MI group. Those with high anxiety in the MI-Self group had fewer intrusions compared to the No-MI group.
Conclusions
Findings provide preliminary evidence for the role of moral appraisals in responses associated with moral injury, which may aide the development of current conceptualizations regarding moral injury-related responses.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection performed by Joel Hoffman. Data analysis was performed by all authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Joel Hoffman and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Joel Hoffman and Angela Nickerson declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the University of New South Wales Human Research Ethics Advisory Panel (2766).
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Hoffman, J., Nickerson, A. The Impact of Moral-Based Appraisals on Psychological Outcomes in Response to Analogue Trauma: An Experimental Paradigm of Moral Injury. Cogn Ther Res 45, 494–507 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10172-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10172-7