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Cognitive Processes in Cognitive and Pharmacological Therapies

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Abstract

There is increasing interest in understanding the mechanisms by which effective therapies work. The cognitive neuroscience perspective presented here adds to our mechanism understanding of how empirically supported treatments for anxiety and depression work and it informs the cognitive specificity hypothesis. Basic neuroscience findings regarding synaptic transmission and experience-dependent plasticity are presented because they form the basis of learning and memory and enable a better understanding of the effects of neuroleptic drugs on the limbic system. Principles of connectionist modeling are discussed because they provide additional mechanism information. A generalization of the S-O-R model into a network model is presented. A connectionist explanation of how networks transform perceptions into cognitions is provided. This information is used to better understand how placebos and nocebos work. Clinical applications are made to PTSD, anxiety, depression, and their empirically supported treatments. The cognitive specificity hypothesis is revisited from this connectionist cognitive neuroscience perspective. Mechanism information concerning the effects of drugs on cognition, depth of cognitive change, and durability of treatment effects is presented. Corollaries and conclusions follow.

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Notes

  1. The term cognitive therapies is used here in a general way to refer to cognitive therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and all other therapies that aim to change the way people think.

  2. Whereas, Pavlov can correctly be described as a S-R theorist, Skinner was a R-S theorist because he taught that behaviors were emitted and then shaped by reinforcing stimuli that followed as consequences. Discriminative stimuli set the occasion for the emission of behavior but did not elicit it as Pavlov claimed. The difference between emitted and elicited behavior is the distinction between operant and respondent conditioning.

  3. Connectionist models are simple first approximations of real neural systems. This makes their ability to simulate effectively many phenomena covered by introductory psychology textbooks all the more impressive. Their success demonstrates the utility of implementing just a few basic properties of real neural networks. Additional achievements can be expected as connectionist models become more biologically realistic.

  4. It may or may not be coincidental that the hippocampus is a three-layered network.

  5. A network with three layers of processing nodes can also be described as a two-layer network because it contains two layers of connections. This emphasis is warranted because it is largely through changes in connection weights, via mathematically stated learning rules, that connectionist models acquire their functional characteristics.

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Acknowledgments

The author wishes to acknowledge and thank Dean McKay, Ph.D. for his review and helpful comments on several drafts of the manuscript for this article.

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  1. Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Dealy Hall, Bronx, NY, 10458-9993, USA

    Warren W. Tryon

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Tryon, W.W. Cognitive Processes in Cognitive and Pharmacological Therapies. Cogn Ther Res 33, 570–584 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9243-0

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