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Psychosocial Outcomes of Canadian Clubhouse Members: A Multi-Site Longitudinal Evaluation

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Abstract

The Clubhouse model of psychosocial rehabilitation supports individuals with mental health challenges using a person centered and recovery-oriented approach. Clubhouses around the world have been found to be effective in supporting their member’s recovery. However, there is a lack of multi-site and longitudinal studies on the Clubhouse model. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to longitudinally assess the psychosocial outcomes of Clubhouse members across six accredited Clubhouses in Canada. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic occurring midway through the study, a secondary aim was to assess the impact of the pandemic on the psychosocial outcomes of Clubhouse members. A total of 462 Clubhouse members consented to participate in the study. Members completed a questionnaire battery every 6 months over a 2-year period (five data points total). The last three data points were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychosocial outcomes included mental health symptoms, substance use, community integration, and satisfaction with life, and were analyzed using multilevel growth models. The results indicated that satisfaction with life and psychological integration increased over the study period, while mental health symptoms, substance use, and physical integration decreased. Examining Clubhouse participation, length of Clubhouse membership and frequency of Clubhouse use predicted higher life satisfaction, lower substance use, and fewer mental health symptoms over the study period. The results of the present study provide invaluable insight into the psychosocial impact of Clubhouses on Canadian Clubhouse members, particularly during COVID-19.

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Funding

The study was funded by a Mitacs Accelerate Grant.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Christina Mutschler

  2. Ted Rogers School of Management, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Kelly McShane

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Centre of Mental Health, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Rachel Liebman

Authors
  1. Christina Mutschler
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  2. Kelly McShane
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  3. Rachel Liebman
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Consortia

The Canadian Clubhouse Research Group

  • Crossroads
  • ,  Fitzroy Centre,
  • ,  Notre Dame Place
  • ,  Oak Centre
  • ,  Potential Place
  •  &  Progress Place

Contributions

Christina Mutschler and Kelly McShane contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Christina Mutschler, Rachel Liebman, and the Canadian Clubhouse Research Group. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Christina Mutschler and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christina Mutschler.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

The study received ethics approval from Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University), Nova Scotia Health Authority, and the Health Research Ethics Board of Alberta.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Competing Interest

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

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The Canadian Clubhouse Research Group contains all directors, staff, and members from the following Clubhouses: Crossroads, Fitzroy Centre, Notre Dame Place, Oak Centre, Potential Place, and Progress Place.

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Mutschler, C., McShane, K., Liebman, R. et al. Psychosocial Outcomes of Canadian Clubhouse Members: A Multi-Site Longitudinal Evaluation. Community Ment Health J (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-024-01280-9

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