Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Review of Community Pharmacy Staff Educational Needs for Supporting Mental Health Consumers and Carers

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Community Mental Health Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Development of a mental health education package for community pharmacy staff should be informed by mental health consumers/carers’ needs, expectations and experiences, and staff knowledge, skills and attitudes. This review (1) explored research on community pharmacy practice and service provision for mental health consumers/carers, and (2) identified validated methods for assessing staff knowledge, skills and attitudes about mental illness to inform the development of a training questionnaire. A literature scan using key words knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs combined with community pharmacy, pharmacist, and pharmacy support staff, and mental illness, depression, anxiety was conducted. A small number of studies were found that used reliable methods to assess pharmacists’ training needs regarding mental illness and treatment options. There was little published specifically in relation to depression and anxiety in community pharmacy practice. No studies assessed the training needs of pharmacy support staff. A systematic analysis of pharmacy staff learning needs is warranted.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler, D. A., Bungay, K. M., Wilson, I. B., Pei, Y., Supran, S., Peckham, E., et al. (2004). The impact of a pharmacist intervention on 6-month outcomes in depressed primary care patients. General Hospital Psychiatry, 26(3), 199–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angermeyer, M. C., & Dietrich, S. (2006). Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: A review of population studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(3), 163–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angermeyer, M. C., & Matschinger, H. (2003). The stigma of mental illness: Effect of labelling on public attitudes towards people with mental disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108, 304–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2010a). Australia’s health 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=6442468375.

  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2010b). Mental health services in Australia 2007–2008. Mental Health Series Number 12. Cat N. HSE 88. Retrieved February 23, 2012, from http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=6442468381&tab=2.

  • Bell, J. S., Aaltonen, S. E., Airaksinen, M. S., Volmer, D., Gharat, M. S., Muceniece, R., et al. (2010). Determinants of mental health stigma among pharmacy students in Australia, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, India and Latvia. [Comparative Study]. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56(1), 3–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. S., McLachlan, A. J., Aslani, P., Whitehead, P., & Chen, T. F. (2005). Community pharmacy services to optimise the use of medications for mental illness: A systematic review. Australia and New Zealand Health Policy, 2, 29–40. doi:10.1186/1743-8462-2-29.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. S., Rosen, A., Aslani, P., Whitehead, P., & Chen, T. (2007). Developing the role of pharmacists as members of community mental health teams: Perspectives of pharmacists and mental health professionals. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 3, 392–409.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benrimoj, S. I., & Frommer, M. S. (2004). Commuity pharmacy in Australia. Australian Health Review, 28, 238–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, E., Murphy, A. L., & Gardner, D. M. (2009). Community pharmacist services for people with mental illnesses: Preferences, satisfaction, and stigma. Psychiatric Services, 60(8), 1123–1127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botega, N., Mann, A., Blizard, R., & Wilkinson, G. (1992). General practitioners and depression: First use of the Depression Attitude Questionnaire. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 4, 169–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook, O. H., Stalman, W., Nieuwenhuyse, H., Bakker, B., & de Haan, M. (2005). A pharmacy-based coaching program to improve adherence to antidepressant treatment among primary care patients. Psychiatric Services, 56(4), 487–489.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brook, O. H., Van Hout, H. P. J., Nieuwenhuyse, H., & De Haan, M. (2003). Effects of coaching by community pharmacists on psychological symptoms of antidepressant users: A randomised controlled trial. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 13(5), 347–354. doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00031-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, S. G., Guernsey, B. G., Pearce, E. L., & Hokanson, J. A. (1985). Pharmacists’ perceptions of mental health care, psychiatrists, and mentally ill patients. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, 42(6), 1366–1369.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, T. M., & Jorm, A. F. (2000). Mental health nurses’ beliefs about interventions for schizophrenia and depression: A comparison with psychiatrists and the public. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34(4), 602–611.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cates, M. E., Burton, A. R., & Woolley, T. W. (2005). Attitudes of pharmacists toward mental illness and providing pharmaceutical care to the mentally ill. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 39(9), 1450–1455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chong, W. W., Aslani, P., & Chen, T. F. (2011). Effectiveness of interventions to improve antidepressant medication adherence: A systematic review. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 65(9), 954–975. doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02746.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P. W., & Watson, A. C. (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness. World Psychiatry, 1(1), 16–20.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crisp, A. H., & Gelder, M. G. (2000). Stigmatisation of people with mental illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 4–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crockett, J., Taylor, S., Grabham, A., & Stanford, P. (2006). Patient outcomes following an intervention involving community pharmacists in the management of depression. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 14(6), 263–269. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2006.00827.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crump, K., Boo, G., Liew, F. S., Olivier, T., So, C., Sung, J. Y., et al. (2011). New Zealand community pharmacists’ views of their roles in meeting medicine-related needs for people with mental illness. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 7(2), 122–133. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2010.03.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desplenter, F., Simoens, S., & Laekeman, G. (2006). The impact of informing psychiatric patients about their medication: A systematic review. Pharmacy World & Science, 28(6), 329–341. doi:10.1007/s11096-006-9054-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewan, M. A., & Greene, R. J. (2001). Evaluation of mental health care interventions made by three community pharmacists: A pilot study. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 9(4), 225–234. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7174.2001.tb01053.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C. (1999). A comparison of attitudes towards mental illness and knowledge of mental health services between Australian and Asian students. Community Mental Health Journal, 35(1), 47–56. doi:10.1023/a:1018795925455.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finley, P. R., Crismon, L., & Rush, A. J. (2003). Evaluating the impact of pharmacists in mental health: A systematic review. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 23(12), 1634–1644.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, D., Murphy, A., Woodman, A., & Connelly, S. (2001). Community pharmacy services for antidepressant users. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 9(4), 217–224. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7174.2001.tb01052.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George, P. P., Molina, J. A. D., Cheah, J., Chan, S. C., & Lim, B. P. (2010). The evolving role of the community pharmacist in chronic disease management: A literature review. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 39(11), 861–867.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, A. L., Roughead, E. E., Beilby, J., Mott, K., & Barratt, J. D. (2002). Collaborative medication management services: Improving patient care. Medical Journal of Australia, 177, 189–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbody, S., Bower, P., Fletcher, J., Richards, D., & Sutton, A. J. (2006). Collaborative care for depression: A cumulative meta-analysis and review of longer-term outcomes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(21), 2314–2321. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.21.2314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gisev, N., Bell, J. S., O’Reilly, C. L., Rosen, A., & Chen, T. F. (2010). An expert panel assessment of comprehensive medication reviews for clients of community mental health teams. [Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology, 45(11), 1071–1079.

  • Hamann, J., Cohen, R., Leucht, S., Busch, R., & Kissling, W. (2005). Do patients with schizophrenia wish to be involved in decisions about their medical treatment? [Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(12), 2382–2384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, R. W., Schwartz, A. H., Campbell, M. J., Remington, T. L., Chuck, S., Blair, M. M., et al. (2003). Collaborative drug therapy management by pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy, 23(9), 1210–1225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Happell, B., Manias, E., & Roper, C. (2004). Wanting to be heard: Mental health consumers’ experiences of information about medication. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 13(4), 242–248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, D., & Anderson, C. (2003). Interventions by community pharmacists for older people with mental health problems: Are they appropriate? International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 11(suppl), R56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healthcare Management Advisors. (2010). Managing mental illness and promoting and sustaining recovery: The role of community pharmacy. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://www.guild.org.au/iwov-resources/documents/The_Guild/PDFs/CPA%20and%20Programs/4CPA%20General/2007%2008-07/RFT0807%20MMI%20Full%20Final%20Report%20FINAL.pdf.

  • Hirai, M., & Clum, G. A. (2000). Development, reliability, and validity of the beliefs toward Mental Illness Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioural Assessment, 22(3), 221–236. doi:10.1023/A:1007548432472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Human Capital Alliance. (2008). Pharmacy workforce planning study: Initial supply report. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from http://www.humancapitalalliance.com.au/documents/PH08-Full%20Final%20Report.pdf.

  • Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Christensen, H., & Henderson, S. (1999). Attitudes towards people with a mental disorder: A survey of the Australian public and health professionals. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 33, 77–83. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00513.x.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Jacomb, P. A., Rodgers, B., & Pollitt, P. (1997). Beliefs about the helpfulness of interventions for mental disorders: A comparison of general practitioners, psychiatrists and clinical psychologists. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 31(6), 844–851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kai, J., & Crosland, A. (2001). Perspectives of people with enduring mental ill health from a community-based qualitative study. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. The British Journal of General Practice, 51(470), 730–736.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kassam, A., Glozier, N., Leese, M., Henderson, C., & Thornicroft, G. (2010). Development and responsiveness of a scale to measure clinicians’ attitudes to people with mental illness (medical student version). Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 122(2), 153–161. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01562.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobau, R., Dilorio, C., Chapman, D., Delvecchio, P., & S. C. M. I. S. P. Members. (2010). Attitudes about mental illness and its treatment: Validation of a generic scale for public health surveillance of mental illness associated stigma. Community Mental Health Journal, 46, 164–176.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koo, M., Krass, I., & Aslani, P. (2002). Consumer opinions on medicines information and factors affecting its use: An Australian experience. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 10, 107–114. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7174.2002.tb00595.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauber, C., Nordt, C., Braunschweig, C., & Rössler, W. (2006). Do mental health professionals stigmatize their patients? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113, 51–59. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00718.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lingam, R., & Scott, J. (2002). Treatment non-adherence in affective disorders. [Review]. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105(3), 164–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Frank, J., & Wozniak, J. F. (1987). The social rejection of former mental-patients: Understanding why labels matter. American Journal of Sociology, 92(6), 1461–1500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mant, A., Rendle, V. A., Hall, W. D., Mitchell, P. B., Montgomery, W. S., McManus, P. R., et al. (2004). Making new choices about antidepressants in Australia: The long view 1975–2002. Medical Journal of Australia, 181(7), s21–s24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maslen, C. L., Rees, L., & Redfern, P. H. (1996). Role of the community pharmacist in the care of patients with chronic schizophrenia in the community. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 4(4), 187–195. doi:10.1111/j.2042-7174.1996.tb00867.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCall, L., Clarke, D. M., & Rowley, G. (2002). A questionnaire to measure general practitioners’ attitudes to their role in the management of patients with depression and anxiety. Australian Family Physician, 31(3), 299–303.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meagher, D., & Moran, M. (2003). Sub-optimal prescribing in an adult community mental health service: Prevalence and determinants. Psychiatric Bulletin, 27(7), 266–270. doi:10.1192/pb.02-291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mental Health Branch Queensland Health. (2008). The Queensland plan for mental health 2007-2017. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://www.health.qld.gov.au/mentalhealth/abt_us/qpfmh/08132_qpfmh07.pdf.

  • Mental Health Commission. (2004). Our lives in 2014: A recovery vision from people with experience of mental illness for the second mental health plan and the development of the health and social sectors. Retrieved 06 April, 2011, from http://www.maryohagan.com/resources/Text_Files/Our%20Lives%20in%202014.pdf.

  • Nordt, C., Rossler, W., & Lauber, C. (2006). Attitudes of mental health professionals towards people with schizophrenia and major depression. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(4), 709–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, C., Bell, J. S., & Chen, T. F. (2010). Pharmacists’ beliefs about treatments and outcomes of mental disorders: A mental health literacy survey. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(12), 1089–1096.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pharmacy Guild of Australia. (2010). The roadmap: The strategic direction for community pharmacy. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://www.guild.org.au/iwov-resources/documents/The_Guild/PDFs/News%20and%20Events/Publications/The%20Roadmap/Roadmap.pdf.

  • Pharmacy Guild of Australia. (2012). Pharmacy assistant training. Retrieved April 1, 2012, from http://www.guildtraining.com.au/sites/Guild_Training/Pharmacy%20Assistants%20Training/Pharmacy%20Assistant%20Training.page.

  • Phokeo, V., Sproule, B., & Raman-Wilms, L. (2004). Community pharmacists’ attitudes toward and professional interactions with users of psychiatric medication. Psychiatric Services, 55(12), 1434–1436. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1434.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, R. G., Vize, C., Roberts, A., Roberts, M., & Tylee, A. (1996). Lay people’s attitudes to treatment of depression: Results of opinion poll for Defeat Depression Campaign just before its launch. British Medical Journal, 313, 858–859.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • SANE Media Centre. (2011). Stigma hurtful and common for people with mental illness. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from http://www.sane.org/releases-2011/1056-stigma-hurtful-and-common-for-people-with-mental-illness.

  • Scheerder, G., De Coster, I., & Van Audenhove, C. (2008). Pharmacists’ role in depression care: A survey of attitudes, current practices, and barriers. Psychiatric Services, 59(10), 1155–1160. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.59.10.1155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheerder, G., De Coster, I., & Van Audenhove, C. (2009). Community pharmacists’ attitude toward depression: A pilot study. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 5, 242–252. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2008.08.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheerder, G., Van Audenhove, C., Arensman, E., Bernik, B., Giupponi, G., Horel, A.-C., et al. (2011). Community and health professionals’ attitude towards depression: A pilot study in nine EAAD countries. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(387), 337–401. doi:10.1177/0020764009359742.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slade, T., Johnston, A., Oakley Browne, M. A., Andrews, G., & Whiteford, H. (2009). 2007 national survey of mental health and wellbeing: Methods and key findings. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(7), 594–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanskanen, P., Airaksinen, M., Tanskanen, A., & Enlund, H. (2000). Counselling patients on psychotropic medication: Physicians’ opinions on the role of community pharmacists. Pharmacy World & Science, 22(2), 59–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • University of South Australia. (2005). Consumer experiences, needs and expectations of community pharmacy. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://www.guild.org.au/iwov-resources/documents/The_Guild/PDFs/CPA%20and%20Programs/3CPA%20General/2005-501/Final%20Rept_8Mar06.pdf.

  • Valenstein, M., Kavanagh, J., Lee, T., Reilly, P., Dalack, G. W., Grabowski, J., et al. (2011). Using a pharmacy-based intervention to improve antipsychotic adherence among patients with serious mental illness. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 37(4), 727–736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Wijk, B. L., Klungel, O. H., Heerdink, E. R., & de Boer, A. (2005). Effectiveness of interventions by community pharmacists to improve patient adherence to chronic medication: A systematic review. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 39, 1325–1330. doi:10.1345/aph.1E027.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volmer, D., Maesalu, M., & Bell, J. (2008). Pharmacy students’ attitudes toward and professional interactions with people with mental disorders. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 54, 402–413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, O. F. (1999). Mental health consumers’ experience of stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(3), 467–478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, O. F. (2011). Stigma as a barrier to recovery from mental illness. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(1), 9–10. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2001). The world health report 2001: Mental health: New understanding, new hope. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://www.who.int/whr/2001/en/whr01_en.pdf.

  • World Health Organization. (2008a). The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GBD_report_2004update_full.pdf.

  • World Health Organization. (2008b). Integrating mental health into primary care: A global perspective. Retrieved January 30, 2012, from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241563680_eng.pdf.

  • World Health Organization. (2008c). Mental health gap action programme: Scaling up care for mental, neurological and substance use disorders. Retrieved April 6, 2011, from http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596206_eng.pdf.

  • Yeap, R., Beevi, Z., & Lukman, H. (2008). Evaluating IMU communication skills training programme: Assessment tool development. [Evaluation Studies]. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 63(3), 244–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by a grant from the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing as part of the Fifth Community Pharmacy Agreement Research and Development Program [grant number 2010/11-02 to A.W] managed by the Pharmacy Guild of Australia. The authors would like to thank Peter Walsh and Catherine Clarke for their feedback on drafts of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Human Services and Social Work, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4131, Australia

    Jane L. Fowler, Kathy Knox & Amanda Wheeler

  2. School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4122, Australia

    David H. K. Shum

  3. School of Pharmacy, Griffith University, Gold Coast, 4222, Australia

    Amary Mey, Jasmina Fejzic, Laetitia Hattingh & Denise McConnell

  4. School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Australia

    Laetitia Hattingh

  5. Research Centre for Clinical and Community Practice Innovation (RCCCPI), Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, QLD, Australia

    Jasmina Fejzic

Authors
  1. Amary Mey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jane L. Fowler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kathy Knox
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David H. K. Shum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jasmina Fejzic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Laetitia Hattingh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Denise McConnell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Amanda Wheeler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amary Mey.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mey, A., Fowler, J.L., Knox, K. et al. Review of Community Pharmacy Staff Educational Needs for Supporting Mental Health Consumers and Carers. Community Ment Health J 50, 59–67 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9580-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-012-9580-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation