Abstract
Trace amines and their primary receptor, Trace Amine-Associated Receptor-1 (TAAR1) are widely studied for their involvement in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders despite being found in the gastrointestinal tract at physiological levels. With the emergence of the “brain-gut-microbiome axis,” we take the opportunity to review what is known about trace amines in the brain, the defined sources of trace amines in the gut, and emerging understandings on the levels of trace amines in various gastrointestinal disorders. Similarly, we discuss localization of TAAR1 expression in the gut, novel findings that TAAR1 may be implicated in inflammatory bowel diseases, and the reported comorbidities of neuropsychiatric disorders and gastrointestinal disorders. With the emergence of TAAR1 specific compounds as next-generation therapeutics for schizophrenia (Roche) and Parkinson’s related psychoses (Sunovion), we hypothesize a therapeutic benefit of these compounds in clinical trials in the brain-gut-microbiome axis, as well as a potential for thoughtful manipulation of the brain-gut-microbiome axis to modulate symptoms of neuropsychiatric disease.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adriaenssens A, Lam BY, Billing L et al (2015) A transcriptome-led exploration of molecular mechanisms regulating somatostatin-producing D-cells in the gastric epithelium. Endocrinology 156(11):3924–3936. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1301
Ahmed I, Roy BC, Khan SA et al (2016) Microbiome, metabolome and inflammatory bowel disease. Microorganisms 4(2):20. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms4020020
Anderson MC, Hasan F, McCrodden JM et al (1993) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the cheese effect. Neurochem Res 18(11):1145–1149
Babusyte A, Kotthoff M, Fiedler J et al (2013) Biogenic amines activate blood leukocytes via trace amine-associated receptors TAAR1 and TAAR2. J Leukoc Biol 93(3):387–394. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0912433
Baker GB, Bornstein RA, Rouget AC et al (1991) Phenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder. Biol Psychiatry 29(1):15–22
Barbieri F, Montanari C, Gardini F et al (2019) Biogenic amine production by lactic acid bacteria: a review. Foods 8(1):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8010017
Bargossi E, Tabanelli G, Montanari C et al (2015) Tyrosine decarboxylase activity of enterococci grown in media with different nutritional potential: tyramine and 2-phenylethylamine accumulation and TyrDC gene expression. Front Microbiol 6:259. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00259
Bargossi E, Tabanelli G, Montanari C et al (2017) Growth, biogenic amine production and tyrdc transcription of Enterococcus faecalis in synthetic medium containing defined amino acid concentrations. J Appl Microbiol 122(4):1078–1091. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13406
Bearcroft CP, Perrett D, Farthing MJ (1998) Postprandial plasma 5-hydroxytryptamine in diarrhoea predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a pilot study. Gut 42(1):42–46. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.42.1.42
Berry MD (2004) Mammalian central nervous system trace amines. Pharmacologic amphetamines, physiologic neuromodulators. J Neurochem 90:257–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02501.x
Berry MD, Shitut MR, Almousa A et al (2013) Membrane permeability of trace amines: evidence for a regulated, activity-dependent, nonexocytotic, synaptic release. Synapse 67(10):656–667. https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.21670
Berry MD, Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC et al (2017) Pharmacology of human trace amine-associated receptors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Pharmacol Ther 180:161–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.07.002
Blakeley AG, Nicol CJ (1978) Accumulation of amines by rabbit erythrocytes in vitro. J Physiol 277:77–90. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012261
Bonnin-Jusserand M, Grandvalet C, Rieu A et al (2012) Tyrosine-containing peptides are precursors of tyramine produced by Lactobacillus plantarum strain ir BL0076 isolated from wine. BMC Microbiol 12:199. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-199
Borowsky B et al (2001) Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein coupled receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:8966–8971. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.151105198
Borresen T, Klausen NK, Larsen LM et al (1989) Purification and characterisation of tyrosine decarboxylase and aromatic-l-amino-acid decarboxylase. Biochim Biophys Acta 993(1):108–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(89)90149-9
Boulton AA (1974) Letter: amines and theories in psychiatry. Lancet (Lond, Engl) 2(7871):52
Broadley KJ, Akhtar Anwar M, Herbert AA et al (2009) Effects of dietary amines on the gut and its vasculature. Br J Nutr 101(11):1645–1652. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508123431
Bugda Gwilt K, Olliffe N, Hoffing R et al (2019a) Trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) expression and modulation of inflammatory cytokine production in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages: a novel mechanism for inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 41(6):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923973.2019.1672178
Bugda Gwilt K, Schueler A, Miller G et al (2019b) P132 dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis is attenuated in trace amine associated receptor 1 knockout mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 25(Crohn’s and Colitis Congress Supplement_1):S63–S63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ibd/izy393.150
Buňková L, Buňka F, Hlobilová M et al (2009) Tyramine production of technological important strains of lactobacillus, lactococcus and streptococcus. Eur Food Res Technol 229(3):533–538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-009-1075-3
Bunzow JR et al (2001) Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 60:1181–1188
Chacko A, Cummings JH (1988) Nitrogen losses from the human small bowel: obligatory losses and the effect of physical form of food. Gut 29(6):809–815. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.29.6.809
Chiellini G, Erba P, Carnicelli V et al (2012) Distribution of exogenous [125I]-3-iodothyronamine in mouse in vivo: relationship with trace amine-associated receptors. J Endocrinol 213(3):223–230. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0055
Christian SL, Berry MD (2018) Trace amine-associated receptors as novel therapeutic targets for immunomodulatory disorders. Front Pharmacol 9:680. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00680
Coton E, Coton M (2009) Evidence of horizontal transfer as origin of strain to strain variation of the tyramine production trait in lactobacillus brevis. Food Microbiol 26(1):52–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2008.07.009
Coton M, Coton E, Lucas P et al (2004) Identification of the gene encoding a putative tyrosine decarboxylase of Carnobacterium divergens 508. Development of molecular tools for the detection of tyramine-producing bacteria. Food Microbiol 21(2):125–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2003.10.004
Coton M, Fernandez M, Trip H et al (2011) Characterization of the tyramine-producing pathway in Sporolactobacillus sp. P3j. Microbiology 157(Pt 6):1841–1849. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.046367-0
D’Andrea G, Pizzolato G, Gucciardi A et al (2019) Different circulating trace amine profiles in de novo and treated Parkinson’s disease patients. Sci Rep 9(1):6151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42535-w
De Angelis M, Vannini L, Di Cagno R et al (2016) Salivary and fecal microbiota and metabolome of celiac children under gluten-free diet. Int J Food Microbiol 239:125–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.07.025
de Las Rivas B, Ruiz-Capillas C, Carrascosa AV et al (2008) Biogenic amine production by gram-positive bacteria isolated from spanish dry-cured “chorizo” sausage treated with high pressure and kept in chilled storage. Meat Sci 80(2):272–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.12.001
Del Rio B, Redruello B, Linares DM et al (2017) The dietary biogenic amines tyramine and histamine show synergistic toxicity towards intestinal cells in culture. Food Chem 218:249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.046
Di Cagno R, De Angelis M, De Pasquale I et al (2011) Duodenal and faecal microbiota of celiac children: molecular, phenotype and metabolome characterization. BMC Microbiol 11:219. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-219
Espinoza S, Ghisi V, Emanuele M et al (2015) Postsynaptic D2 dopamine receptor supersensitivity in the striatum of mice lacking TAAR1. Neuropharmacology 93:308–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.02.010
Felice VD, O’Mahony SM (2017) The microbiome and disorders of the central nervous system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 160:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.016
Fernandez de Palencia P, Fernandez M, Mohedano ML et al (2011) Role of tyramine synthesis by food-borne Enterococcus durans in adaptation to the gastrointestinal tract environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 77(2):699–702. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01411-10
Fischer W, Neubert RH, Brandsch M (2010) Transport of phenylethylamine at intestinal epithelial (CACO-2) cells: mechanism and substrate specificity. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 74(2):281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2009.11.014
Forsythe P, Bienenstock J, Junze WA (2014) Vagal pathways for microbiome-brain-gut axis communication. Adv Exp Med Biol 817:115. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_5
Gainetdinov RR, Hoener MC, Berry MD (2018) Trace amines and their receptors. Pharmacol Rev 70(3):549–620. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.015305
Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC et al (2014) Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis 35(9):2089–2096. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgu131
Grandy DK, Miller GM, Li JX (2016) “TAARgeting addiction”–the alamo bears witness to another revolution: an overview of the plenary symposium of the 2015 behavior, biology and chemistry conference. Drug Alcohol Depend 159:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.014
Gupta S, Masand PS, Kaplan D et al (1997) The relationship between schizophrenia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Schizophr Res 23(3):265–268
Gwilt K, Hoffing RNO et al (2018) Abstract: nutritional regulation of gastrointestinal inflammatory responses: a case for biogenic amines; RISE Research Innovation and Scholarship Expo: 2018. Northeastern University. https://www.northeastern.edu/rise/presentations/nutritional-regulation-of-gastrointestinal-inflammatory-responses-a-case-for-biogenic-amines/. Accessed 25 Sept 2019
Harmeier A, Obermueller S, Meyer CA et al (2015) Trace amine-associated receptor 1 activation silences GSK3beta signaling of TAAR1 and D2R heteromers. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25(11):2049–2061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.011
Hemmings G (2004) Schizophrenia. Lancet 364(9442):1312–1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17181-X
Hillman ET, Lu H, Yao T et al (2017) Microbial ecology along the gastrointestinal tract. Microb Environ 32(4):300. https://doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.ME17017
Hoefig CS, Wuensch T, Rijntjes E et al (2015) Biosynthesis of 3-iodothyronamine from T4 in murine intestinal tissue. Endocrinology 156(11):4356–4364. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1499
Hong YS, Hong KS, Park MH et al (2011) Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 45(5):415–425. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0b013e318207f76c
Ito J, Ito M, Nambu H et al (2009) Anatomical and histological profiling of orphan g-protein-coupled receptor expression in gastrointestinal tract of c57bl/6j mice. Cell Tissue Res 338(2):257–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-009-0859-x
Jacobs JP, Goudarzi M, Singh N et al (2016) A disease-associated microbial and metabolomics state in relatives of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(6):750–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.06.004
Jeffery IB, O’Toole PW, Ohman L et al (2012) An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota. Gut 61(7):997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301501
Karoum F, Linnoila M, Potter WZ et al (1982) Fluctuating high urinary phenylethylamine excretion rates in some bipolar affective disorder patients. Psychiatry Res 6(2):215–222
Kidd M, Modlin IM, Gustafsson BI et al (2008) Luminal regulation of normal and neoplastic human ec cell serotonin release is mediated by bile salts, amines, tastants, and olfactants. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 295(2):G260. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00056.2008
Kisuse J, La-Ongkham O, Nakphaichit M et al (2018) Urban diets linked to gut microbiome and metabolome alterations in children: a comparative cross-sectional study in thailand. Front Microbiol 9:1345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01345
Kolho KL, Pessia A, Jaakkola T et al (2017) Faecal and serum metabolomics in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 11(3):321–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjw158
Kurina LM, Goldacre MJ, Yeates D et al (2001) Depression and anxiety in people with inflammatory bowel disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 55(10):716–720. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.55.10.716
La Gioia F, Rizzotti L, Rossi F et al (2011) Identification of a tyrosine decarboxylase gene (tdca) in streptococcus thermophilus 1tt45 and analysis of its expression and tyramine production in milk. Appl Environ Microbiol 77(3):1140–1144. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01928-10
Ladero V, Fernandez M, Calles-Enriquez M et al (2012) Is the production of the biogenic amines tyramine and putrescine a species-level trait in enterococci? Food Microbiol 30(1):132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2011.12.016
Ladero V, Linares DM, Del Rio B et al (2013) Draft genome sequence of the tyramine producer enterococcus durans strain ipla 655. Genome Announc 1(3):e00265. https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00265-13
Landete JM, Ferrer S, Pardo I (2005) Which lactic acid bacteria are responsible for histamine production in wine? J Appl Microbiol 99(3):580–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02633.x
Leisner JJ, Laursen BG, Prevost H et al (2007) Carnobacterium: positive and negative effects in the environment and in foods. FEMS Microbiol Rev 31(5):592–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00080.x
Linares DM, Martin MC, Ladero V et al (2011) Biogenic amines in dairy products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 51(7):691–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.582813
Luqman A, Nega M, Nguyen MT et al (2018) SADA-expressing staphylococci in the human gut show increased cell adherence and internalization. Cell Rep 22(2):535–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.058
Lynnes T, Horne SM, Pruss BM (2014) B-phenylethylamine as a novel nutrient treatment to reduce bacterial contamination due to Escherichia coli O157:H7 on beef meat. Meat Sci 96(1):165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.06.030
Maifreni M, Frigo F, Bartolomeoli I et al (2013) Identification of the enterobacteriaceae in montasio cheese and assessment of their amino acid decarboxylase activity. J Dairy Res 80(1):122–127. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002202991200074X
Marcobal A, de Las Rivas B, Munoz R (2006) First genetic characterization of a bacterial beta-phenylethylamine biosynthetic enzyme in enterococcus faecium rm58. FEMS Microbiol Lett 258(1):144–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00206.x
Marcobal A, de Las Rivas B, Landete JM et al (2012) Tyramine and phenylethylamine biosynthesis by food bacteria. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 52(5):448–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.500545
Metchnikoff E, Mitchell PC (1908) The prolongation of life: optimistic studies. G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York
Min J-S, Lee S-O, Jang A et al (2004) Production of biogenic amines by microflora inoculated in meats. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 17(10):1472–1478. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2004.1472
Moreno-Arribas V, Lonvaud-Funel A (2001) Purification and characterization of tyrosine decarboxylase of lactobacillus brevis ioeb 9809 isolated from wine. FEMS Microbiol Lett 195(1):103–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10505.x
Nagao-Kitamoto H, Shreiner AB, Gillilland MG et al (2016) Functional characterization of inflammatory bowel disease-associated gut dysbiosis in gnotobiotic mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2(4):468–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.02.003
Ohta H, Takebe Y, Murakami Y et al (2017) Tyramine and beta-phenylethylamine, from fermented food products, as agonists for the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (hTAAR1) in the stomach. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 81(5):1002–1006. https://doi.org/10.1080/09168451.2016.1274640
O’Reilly R, Davis BA, Durden DA et al (1991) Plasma phenylethylamine in schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 30(2):145–150
Paley EL (2019) Diet-related metabolic perturbations of gut microbial shikimate pathway-tryptamine-trna aminoacylation-protein synthesis in human health and disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 12:1178646919834550. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178646919834550
Panas MW, Xie Z, Panas HN et al (2012) Trace amine associated receptor 1 signaling in activated lymphocytes. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 7(4):866–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-011-9321-4
Park AJ, Collins J, Blennerhassett PA et al (2013) Altered colonic function and microbiota profile in a mouse model of chronic depression. Neurogastroenterol Motil 25(9):733. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12153
Perin LM, Belviso S, Bello BD, Nero LA, Cocolin L (2017) Technological properties and biogenic amines production by bacteriocinogenic lactococci and enterococci strains isolated from raw goat’s milk. J Food Prot 80:151–157. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-16-267
Pessione E, Mazzoli R, Giuffrida MG et al (2005) A proteomic approach to studying biogenic amine producing lactic acid bacteria. Proteomics 5(3):687–698. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200401116
Pessione E, Pessione A, Lamberti C et al (2009) First evidence of a membrane-bound, tyramine and beta-phenylethylamine producing, tyrosine decarboxylase in Enterococcus faecalis: a two-dimensional electrophoresis proteomic study. Proteomics 9(10):2695–2710. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200800780
Pircher A, Bauer F, Paulsen P (2007) Formation of cadaverine, histamine, putrescine and tyramine by bacteria isolated from meat, fermented sausages and cheeses. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel- Untersuchung und -Forschung A 226(1):225–231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-006-0530-7
Ponnusamy K, Choi JN, Kim J et al (2011) Microbial community and metabolomic comparison of irritable bowel syndrome faeces. J Med Microbiol 60(Pt 6):817–827. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.028126-0
Potkin SG, Karoum F, Chuang LW et al (1979) Phenylethylamine in paranoid chronic schizophrenia. Science 206(4417):470–471. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.504988
Press AG, Hauptmann IA, Hauptmann L et al (1998) Gastrointestinal pH profiles in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 12(7):673–678. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1998.00358.x
Price K, Smith SE (1971) Cheese reaction and tyramine. Lancet 1(7690):130–131
Pugin B, Barcik W, Westermann P et al (2017) A wide diversity of bacteria from the human gut produces and degrades biogenic amines. Microb Ecol Health Dis 28(1):1353881. https://doi.org/10.1080/16512235.2017.1353881
Qin J, Li R, Raes J et al (2010) A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08821
Rao JN, Wang JY (2010) Intestinal architecture and development. In: Neil Granger D, Granger JP (eds) Regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth. Integrated systems physiology: from molecule to function to disease. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences, San Rafael, CA
Raab S, Wang H, Uhles S et al (2015) Incretin-like effects of small molecule trace amine-associated receptor 1 agonists. Mol Metab 5(1):47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2015.09.015
Rasnik KS, Hsin-Wen C, Di Y et al (2017) Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J Transl Med 15(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-017-1175-y
Ray KJ, Cotter SY, Arzika AM et al (2019) High-throughput sequencing of pooled samples to determine community-level microbiome diversity. Ann Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.09.002
Revel FG, Moreau JL, Pouzet B et al (2013) A new perspective for schizophrenia: TAAR1 agonists reveal antipsychotic- and antidepressant-like activity, improve cognition and control body weight. Mol Psychiatry 18(5):543–556. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.57
Sabelli HC, Javaid JI (1995) Phenylethylamine modulation of affect: therapeutic and diagnostic implications. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 7(1):6–14. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.7.1.6
Sandgren AM, Brummer RJM (2018) Adhd-originating in the gut? The emergence of a new explanatory model. Med Hypotheses 120:135–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.08.022
Santoru ML, Piras C, Murgia A et al (2017) Cross sectional evaluation of the gut-microbiome metabolome axis in an Italian cohort of IBD patients. Sci Rep 7(1):9523. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10034-5
Schwartz MD, Canales JJ, Zucchi R et al (2018) Trace amine-associated receptor 1: a multimodal therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targ 22(6):513–526. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728222.2018.1480723
Severance EG, Prandovszky E, Castiglione J et al (2015) Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: why the gut matters. Curr Psychiatry Rep 17(5):27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0574-0
Severance EG, Gressitt KL, Stallings CR et al (2017) Probiotic normalization of candida albicans in schizophrenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, longitudinal pilot study. Brain Behav Immun 62:41–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.019
Shalaby AR (1996) Significance of biogenic amines to food safety and human health. Food Res Int 29(7):675–690. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(96)00066-X
Shirkande S, O’Reilly R, Davis B et al (1995) Plasma phenylethylamine levels of schizophrenic patients. Can J Psychiatry 40(4):221. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674379504000417
Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN et al (2016) Fecal microbiota, fecal metabolome, and colorectal cancer interrelations. PLoS ONE 11(3):e0152126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152126
Smith EA, Macfarlane GT (1997) Dissimilatory amino acid metabolism in human colonic bacteria. Anaerobe 29:327–337. https://doi.org/10.1006/anae.1997.0121
Sotnikova TD et al (2010) The dopamine metabolite 3-methoxytyramine is a neuromodulator. PLoS ONE 5:e13452. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013452
Sriram U, Cenna JM, Haldar B et al (2016) Methamphetamine induces trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) expression in human T lymphocytes: role in immunomodulation. J Leukoc Biol 99(1):213–223. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.4A0814-395RR
Stavrou S, Gratz M, Tremmel E et al (2018) TAAR1 induces a disturbed GSK3beta phosphorylation in recurrent miscarriages through the odc. Endocr Connect 7(2):372–384. https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0272
Stratton J, Hutkins RW, Taylor S (1991) Biogenic-amines in cheese and other fermented foods—a review. J Food Prot. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X-54.6.460
Szabo A, Billett E, Turner J (2001) Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise? Br J Sports Med 35(5):342–343. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.35.5.342
Szumska J, Qatato M, Rehders M et al (2015) Trace amine-associated receptor 1 localization at the apical plasma membrane domain of fisher rat thyroid epithelial cells is confined to cilia. Eur Thyroid J 4(Suppl 1):30–41. https://doi.org/10.1159/000434717
Tchercansky DM, Acevedo C, Rubio MC (1994) Studies of tyramine transfer and metabolism using an in vitro intestinal preparation. J Pharm Sci 83(4):549–552
Turroni S, Fiori J, Rampelli S et al (2016) Fecal metabolome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers: a host-microbiome integrative view. Sci Rep 6:32826. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep32826
Urs NM, Bido S, Peterson SM et al (2015) Targeting beta-arrestin2 in the treatment of L-dopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci 112(19):E2517–E2526. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502740112
Usdin E, Sandler M (1976) Trace amines and the brain. In: Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1976. Marcel Dekker
van Kessel SP, Frye AK, El-Gendy AO et al (2019) Gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylases restrict levels of levodopa in the treatment of parkinson’s disease. Nat Commun 10(1):310. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08294-y
Vandenberg CM, Blob LF, Kemper EM et al (2003) Tyramine pharmacokinetics and reduced bioavailability with food. J Clin Pharmacol 43(6):604–609. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091270003253425
Wasik AM, Millan MJ, Scanlan T et al (2012) Evidence for functional trace amine associated receptor-1 in normal and malignant B cells. Leuk Res 36(2):245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leukres.2011.10.002
Williams BB, Van Benschoten AH, Cimermancic P et al (2014) Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine. Cell Host Microbe 16(4):495–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.001
Wolf ME, Mosnaim AD (1983) Phenylethylamine in neuropsychiatric disorders. Gen Pharmacol 14(4):385–390
Wolken WA, Lucas PM, Lonvaud-Funel A et al (2006) The mechanism of the tyrosine transporter TyrP supports a proton motive tyrosine decarboxylation pathway in lactobacillus brevis. J Bacteriol 188(6):2198–2206. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.188.6.2198-2206.2006
Xie Z et al. (2007) Rhesus monkey trace amine-associated receptor 1 signaling: enhancement by monoamine transporters and attenuation by the D2 autoreceptor in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 321:116–127. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.106.116863
Xie Z, Miller GM (2008) Beta-phenylethylamine alters monoamine transporter function via trace amine-associated receptor 1: implication for modulatory roles of trace amines in brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 325(2):617–628. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.107.134247
Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP et al (2015) Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 161(2):264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047
Yuan BF, Zhu QF, Guo N et al (2018) Comprehensive profiling of fecal metabolome of mice by integrated chemical isotope labeling-mass spectrometry analysis. Anal Chem 90(5):3512–3520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05355
Zhu H, Xu G, Zhang K et al (2016) Crystal structure of tyrosine decarboxylase and identification of key residues involved in conformational swing and substrate binding. Sci Rep 6:27779. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep27779
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bugda Gwilt, K., González, D.P., Olliffe, N. et al. Actions of Trace Amines in the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis via Trace Amine-Associated Receptor-1 (TAAR1). Cell Mol Neurobiol 40, 191–201 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-019-00772-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-019-00772-7