Abstract
Magnetic cellulose (MC) is prepared by hydrolysis of iron precursors in an aqueous dispersion of cellulose nanofibers. A thin, flexible film was then prepared by removing the water and drying the sample in a hot press at 110 °C followed by the removal of the water. Structural analysis of MC was performed and correlated with the measurement of electromagnetic properties. The magnetic cellulose showed high magnetic saturation of 68 emu/g with characteristic superparamagnetic behaviour, and conductivity in a range of semiconductors, with an increase of direct current (DC) conductivity with increasing temperature. Modification of cellulose with Fe3O4 has a positive effect on the DC conductivity and lower limit that needs to be exceeded to achieve a stable and sustainable conductivity in the range of ~ 5–20 × 10–9 (Ω cm)−1 @30 °C is 65 wt% of the Fe3O4 for studied MC composites. The surface roughness of the magnetic cellulose shows a dynamic change with increasing temperature, which is closely related to the enhancement of MC conductivity. A theoretical model of the conductivity is calculated based on continuous 2D percolation and shows an interesting agreement with the experimental results.
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The datasets generated during the current study are included in this article. Additional information, and data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgments
This work has been supported by an internal funding project of the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek (ZUP-2018-56), and the Australian Research Council (Grant No. LP160101784). This work was performed in part at the Queensland node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF), a company established under the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy to provide nano and microfabrication facilities for Australian researchers. MM thanks Tomislav Čorak for the graphical design. We acknowledge Professor Yusuke Yamauchi and Dr Nasim Amiralian (UQ) for their helpful discussion. This work was funded by the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP-2021/243), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ž. S. greatefully acknowledge the support of project CeNIKS co-financed by the Croatian Govermant and the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund-Competitivness and Cohesion Operational Programme (Grant No. KK.01.1.1.02.0013). We acknoledge Professor Yusuke Yamauchi and Dr. Nasim Amiralian for their helpful discussion.
Funding
This research is funded by Australian Research Council (Grant No. LP160101784), and internal grant foundation of University of Osijek. This work partly funded by the researchers project number (RSP–2021/243), King University.
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MM: experiment design, performing experiments, data interpretation, writing original manuscript, reviewing and editing, AB: performing experiments, data interpretation, writing some parts of manuscript, LP: performing experiments, data interpretation, writing some parts of manuscript, ZG: performing experiment, writing a section of manuscript, ŽS: performing experiment, writing a section of manuscript, SŠ: performing experiment, writing a section of manuscript, RN: performing experiment, TK: performing experiment, MM: Reviewing and Editing, MdShH: Reviewing and Editing, AA: Reviewing and Editing, MSSM: Reviewing and Editing, AAA and MSSM: Experimental work and discussion in the revision process.
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Mustapić, M., Bafti, A., Glumac, Z. et al. Magnetic nanocellulose: influence of structural features on conductivity and magnetic properties. Cellulose 30, 1149–1169 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04956-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-022-04956-1