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Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States

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Abstract

Objective

We examined the associations between cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk in a pooled analysis of five prospective studies.

Methods

Data from five prospective U.S. studies were standardized and then combined into one aggregate dataset (384,433 men and 361,664 women). Pooled hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) for thyroid cancer were estimated from mutually adjusted models of cigarette smoking and alcohol intake, which were additionally adjusted for age, sex, education, race, marital status, body mass index, and cohort.

Results

Over follow-up, 1,003 incident thyroid cancer cases (335 men and 668 women) were identified. Compared to never smokers, current smoking was associated with reduced risk of thyroid cancer (HR = 0.68, 95 % CI 0.55–0.85); this association was slightly stronger among non-drinkers (HR = 0.46, 95 % CI 0.29–0.74). No reduction in risk was observed for former, compared to never, smokers. Greater smoking intensity, duration, and pack-years were associated with further reductions in risk among former and current smokers. Alcohol intake was also inversely associated with thyroid cancer risk (≥7 drinks/week versus 0, HR = 0.72, 95 % CI 0.58–0.90, p trend = 0.002). Inverse associations with smoking and alcohol were more pronounced for papillary versus follicular tumors.

Conclusion

The results of this pooled analysis suggest that both cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption are associated with reduced risks of papillary thyroid cancer and, possibly, follicular thyroid cancer.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES049030) and National Cancer Institute (Z01-CP010119).

Conflict of interest

None.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, EPS 7056, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA

    Cari M. Kitahara

  2. Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA

    Martha S. Linet, Laura E. Beane Freeman, David P. Check, Yikyung Park, Mark P. Purdue, Catherine Schairer & Amy Berrington de González

  3. Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Timothy R. Church

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  1. Cari M. Kitahara
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Correspondence to Cari M. Kitahara.

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Kitahara, C.M., Linet, M.S., Beane Freeman, L.E. et al. Cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and thyroid cancer risk: a pooled analysis of five prospective studies in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 23, 1615–1624 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-0039-2

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