Abstract
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are pathogens that belong to the mycobacteriaceae family and responsible for causing mycobacterioses, which are infections of opportunistic nature and with increasing incidence rates in the world population. This work evaluated the use of six water-soluble cationic porphyrins as photosensitizers for the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) of four RGM strains: Mycolicibacterium fortuitum, Mycolicibacterium smeagmatis, Mycobacteroides abscessus subs. Abscessus, and Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense. Experiments were conducted with an adequate concentration of photosensitizer under white-light irradiation conditions over 90 min and the results showed that porphyrins 1 and 2 (M = 2H or ZnII ion) were the most effective and significantly reduced the concentration of viable mycobacteria. The present work shows the result is dependent on the metal-center ion coordinated in the cationic porphyrin core. Moreover, we showed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) the possible membrane photodamage caused by reactive oxygen species and analyzed the morphology and adhesive force properties. Tetra-positively charged and water-soluble metalloporphyrins may be promising antimycobacterial aPDT agents with potential applications in medical clinical cases and bioremediation.
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Abbreviations
- MIC:
-
Minimum inhibitory concentration
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RGM:
-
Rapidly growing mycobacteria
- PS:
-
Photosensitizers
- aPDT:
-
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- EFM:
-
Electrostatic force microscopy
- LJ:
-
Löwenstein-Jensen
- AA:
-
Ascorbic acid
- Man:
-
Mannitol
- KI:
-
Potassium iodide
- TTC:
-
2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride
- M. fortuitum :
-
Mycolicibacterium fortuitum
- M. abscessus :
-
Mycobacteroides abscessus subs. abscessus
- M. massiliense :
-
Mycobacteroides abscessus subsp. massiliense
- M. smeagmatis :
-
Mycolicibacterium smeagmatis
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Acknowledgements
This study was financed by CNPq, CAPES, and FAPERGS. Bernardo A. Iglesias thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq – Brazil; Universal process 409150/2018-5 and PG-2018 grants process 304711/2018-7) and Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos thanks Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq—Brazil; Grants 404541/2016-0). Thiago A. L. Burgo thanks to MCTIC/CNPq (465452/2014-0), FAPESP (2014/50906-9) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 through INCT/INOMAT (National Institute for Complex Functional Materials) and MCT/Finep/CT-Infra 02/2010.
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KBG, GGR, and KM conceived and designed the study. KBG, GGR, and KM conducted experiments. BAI contributed to porphyrin synthesis. KBG, GGR, and KM analyzed the data. BAI, MMAC, and TALB wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Guterres, K.B., Rossi, G.G., de Campos, M.M.k.A. et al. Metal center ion effects on photoinactivating rapidly growing mycobacteria using water-soluble tetra-cationic porphyrins. Biometals 33, 269–282 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-020-00251-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10534-020-00251-3