Abstract
The terrestrial invader hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) decimates eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) stands that dominate riparian zones of Appalachian forest streams. However, the ecological consequences for linked aquatic-terrestrial ecosystems remain unknown. We measured stream-riparian trophic linkages at 21 sites of Ohio, West Virginia, and Virginia representing a chronosequence of T. canadensis decline. We measured reciprocal fluxes of basal resources (periphyton, terrestrial detritus), emerging aquatic insect flux rate and community composition, riparian orb-weaving spider density, and estimated spider trophic position and reliance on aquatically-derived energy using stable isotopes (13C, 15N, 2H) and Bayesian mixing models. Stream periphyton biomass was greater at uninvaded reference sites than at invaded sites and composition of the terrestrial-to-stream detritus flux changed with T. canadensis decline. Emergent aquatic insect community composition was partly explained by hemlock decline status, but the relative abundance of functional feeding groups was not. Riparian orb-weaving spider densities were highest at sites with severe hemlock decline (F = 4.27, p = 0.022), but were not linked to insect emergence flux rates (p > 0.10). Both trophic position (\({\overline{x}}\) = 2.4) and relative reliance on aquatically-derived energy (\({\overline{x}}\) = 83%) were comparable among spider families (Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Pisauridae) and site decline status. Although spider δ13C signatures were unrelated to those of the most numerous emergent insect families, δ15N signatures of Araneidae and Pisauridae tracked emergent insect δ15N (r2 = 0.42 and 0.78, respectively), suggesting a trophic linkage. Overall, the ecological consequences of this invader were clearest at lower trophic levels, with more nuanced impacts on riparian spiders.
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The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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The code generated during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank all members of the Stream and River Ecology (STRIVE) Lab who contributed to lab and field work, and P. Soltesz, Dr. P.C. Goebel, and Dr. K. Jaeger for additional contributions. We also thank anonymous peer reviewers for their comments that improved this manuscript
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This study was made possible by state and federal funds appropriated to The Ohio State University’s Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) through the OARDC Research Enhancement Competitive Grants Program.
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Study conception and design: S. Mažeika P. Sullivan and Kristen M. Diesburg; Data collection and analysis: all authors; Writing: all authors; Funding acquisition: S. Mažeika P. Sullivan; Supervision: S. Mažeika P. Sullivan.
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Diesburg, K.M., Sullivan, S.M.P. & Manning, D.W.P. Consequences of a terrestrial insect invader on stream-riparian food webs of the central Appalachians, USA. Biol Invasions 23, 1263–1284 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02435-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02435-x