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Distribution and genetic diversity of five invasive pests of Eucalyptus in sub-Saharan Africa

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Abstract

Eucalyptus is one of the most planted tree genera across the world, but is heavily challenged by invasive insect pests originating from the native range of these trees. The rate of introduction of non-native Eucalyptus-feeding insects has increased globally, including in sub-Saharan Africa where Eucalyptus trees have an important socio-economic role. In this study, we mapped the distribution and examined the genetic diversity of non-native Eucalyptus insect pests in 14 countries across sub-Saharan Africa. We focused on five foliage-feeding insect pests of Eucalyptus which are known to be present in the region, namely the bluegum chalcid wasp, Leptocybe invasa; the redgum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei; the bronze bug, Thaumastocoris peregrinus; the Eucalyptus weevil, Gonipterus sp.n.2; and the Eucalyptus gall wasp, Ophelimus maskelli. Insect samples were collected through structured surveys and small-scale sampling which were both combined with published literature to determine the distribution of these insect pests. Genetic diversity of each of these insect pests was estimated/assessed based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) or cytochrome b (Cyt b) sequence data. Except O. maskelli, which is a relatively recent arrival, the other insect pests were found broadly distributed across the sampled countries, with first reports in many countries. Analysis of genetic diversity confirmed a common origin of geographically distant populations for G. brimblecombei and O. maskelli, moderate diversity for T. peregrinus and Gonipterus sp.n.2 and at least two distinct lineages for L. invasa. Two divergent haplogroups of L. invasa, with overlapping geographic range were confirmed in Ghana, Malawi, Sierra Leone, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Compared to published literature, new haplotypes were detected for T. peregrinus, Gonipterus sp.n.2 and L. invasa, suggesting multiple introduction of those pests in the region. Results of this study will have implications for quarantine, management and future research of Eucalyptus insect pests in the region and beyond.

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Acknowledgements

Members of Tree Protection Co-operative Program (TPCP), Centre for Tree Health Biotechnology (CTHP), Sustainable Afforestation Association (SAA), MIRO Forestry Company, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), the European Union: European regional development fund (ERDF, INTERREG V program), the Conseil Régional de la Réunion, the Centre de Coopération internationale en Recherche agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) and Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute (EEFRI) are acknowledged for providing financial support. We thank Charlie Bosworth of MIRO Forestry Company who played a key role in organizing the survey conducted in Ghana and Sierra Leone. We are also grateful to Samantha Bush for her assistance in rearing insects from infested tree parts, Joëlle Sadeyen (University of Reunion) who barcoded the insects from Reunion, Mauritius, Democratic Republic of Congo and Madagascar, Daniela Cares and Dr. Gudrun Dittrich-Schröder who provided insect sequences for comparison purpose, Dr. Michelle Schroder for her assistance in morphological identification of Gonipterus beetles and Prof. Stefan Neser, Maëva Vinot (CIRAD), and François Hervy (FOFIFA) who assisted in collecting insect samples.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Mesfin Wondafrash & Brett P. Hurley

  2. School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O.Box 38, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia

    Mesfin Wondafrash

  3. Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Bernard Slippers

  4. Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Rwanda Water and Forestry Authority, P.O.Box 7445, Kigali, Rwanda

    Alphonsine Nambazimana

  5. Department of Forestry and Nature Conservation, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (CAVM), University of Rwanda, P.O.Box 117, Butare, Rwanda

    Isaac Kayumba

  6. French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (Cirad), UMR PVBMT, 97410, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France

    Samuel Nibouche

  7. Sustainable Afforestation Association, 161 Gleneagles Road, Southerton, Harare, Zimbabwe

    Simon van der Lingen

  8. Central Ethiopia Environment and Forest Research Centre, Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute, P.O.Box 30708, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Birhane A. Asfaw

  9. Forestry Research Institute of Malawi, P.O.Box 270, Zomba, Malawi

    Herbert Jenya

  10. Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), P.O.Box 20412, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya

    Eston K. Mutitu

  11. Forestry Commission of Zimbabwe, P.O.Box HG139, Harare, Zimbabwe

    Idea A. Makowe

  12. School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, P.O.Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia

    Donald Chungu

  13. National Forestry Resources Research Institute, P.O.Box 1752, Kampala, Uganda

    Peter Kiwuso

  14. Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Goma, P.O.Box 204, Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo

    Emmanuel Kulimushi

  15. National Centre for Applied Research for Rural Development (CENRADERU/FOFIFA), P.O.Box 1690, Antananarivo, Madagascar

    Andrianantenaina Razafindrakotomamonjy

  16. Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, P.O.Box UP 63, Kumasi, Ghana

    Paul P. Bosu

  17. Entomology Division, Agricultural Services, Ministry of Agro-Industrial and Food Security, Reduit, Republic of Mauritius

    Preeaduth Sookar

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  1. Mesfin Wondafrash
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  2. Bernard Slippers
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  17. Brett P. Hurley
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Correspondence to Mesfin Wondafrash.

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Wondafrash, M., Slippers, B., Nambazimana, A. et al. Distribution and genetic diversity of five invasive pests of Eucalyptus in sub-Saharan Africa. Biol Invasions 22, 2205–2221 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02250-4

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