Skip to main content
Log in

Effect of nutritional interventions and resistance exercise on aging muscle mass and strength

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Biogerontology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sarcopenia, defined as the age-related loss of muscle mass, has a negative effect on strength, functional independence and overall quality of life. Sarcopenia is a multifactorial phenomenon characterized by changes in muscle morphology, protein and hormonal kinetics, oxidative stress, inflammation, physical activity and nutrition. It is well known that resistance exercise increases aging muscle mass and strength and these physiological adaptations from exercise may be further enhanced with certain nutritional interventions. Research indicates that essential amino acids and milk-based proteins, creatine monohydrate, essential fatty acids, and vitamin D may all have beneficial effects on aging muscle biology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allen RE, Boxhorn LK (1989) Regulation of skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation and differentiation by transforming growth factor-beta, insulin-like growth factor I, and fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Physiol 138:311–315

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alway SE, Siu PM (2008) Nuclear apoptosis contributes to sarcopenia. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 36:51–57

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen R, Mølgaard C, Skovgaard LT, Brot C, Cashman KD, Chabros E et al (2005) Teenage girls and elderly women living in northern Europe have low winter vitamin D status. Eur J Clin Nutr 59:533–541

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balagopal P, Proctor D, Nair KS (1997) Sarcopenia and hormonal changes. Endocrine 7:57–60

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balsom PD, Soderlund K, Sjodin B, Ekblom B (1995) Skeletal muscle metabolism during short duration high-intensity exercise: influence of creatine supplementation. Acta Physiol Scand 154:303–310

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazan NG, Molina MF, Gordon WC (2011) Docosahexaenoic acid signalolipidomics in nutrition: significance in aging, neuroinflammation, macular degeneration, Alzheimer’s, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Annu Rev Nutr 31:321–351

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley N (2007) Does low vitamin D status contribute to “age-related” morbidity? J Bone Miner Res 22:V55–V58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Borchers M, Gudat F, Dürmüller U, Stähelin HB, Dick W (2004) Vitamin D receptor expression in human muscle tissue decreases with age. J Bone Miner Res 19:265–269

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boonen S, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Cooper C, Lips P, Ljunggren O, Meunier PJ, Reginster JY (2006) Addressing the musculoskeletal components of fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D: a review of the evidence. Calcif Tissue Int 78:257–270

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borsheim E, Tipton KD, Wolf SE, Wolfe RR (2002) Essential amino acids and muscle protein recovery from resistance exercise. Am J Physiol 283:E648–E657

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brack AS, Rando TA (2007) Intrinsic changes and extrinsic influences of myogenic stem cell function during aging. Stem Cell Rev 3:226–237

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brose A, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA (2003) Creatine supplementation enhances isometric strength and body composition improvements following strength exercise training in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58:11–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bugarella JA, Patton D, Bull AW (2001) Modulation of prostaglandin H synthesis activity by conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and specific CLA isoforms. Lipids 36:407–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunout D, Barrera G, Leiva L, Gattas V, de la Maza MP, Avendaño M, Hirsch S (2006) Effects of vitamin D supplementation and exercise training on physical performance in Chilean vitamin D deficient elderly subjects. Exp Gerontol 41:746–752

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burd NA, Tang JE, Moore DR, Phillips SM (2009) Exercise training and protein metabolism: influences of contraction, protein intake, and sex-based differences. J Appl Physiol 106(5):1692–1701

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burd NA, Wall BT, van Loon LJC (2012) The curious case of anabolic resistance: old wives’ tales or new fables? J Appl Physiol 112(7):1233–1235

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Davison KS, Candow DG, Farthing J, Palmer TS (2001) The effect of whey protein supplementation with and without creatine monohydrate combined with resistance training on lean tissue mass and muscle performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 11:349–364

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burke DG, Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, MacNeil LG, Roy BD, Tarnopolsky MA, Ziegenfuss T (2008) Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 18:389–398

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butterfield GE, Thompson J, Rennie MJ, Marcus R, Hintz RL, Hoffman AR (1997) Effect of rhGH and rhIGF-1 treatment on protein utilization in elderly women. Am J Physiol 272:E94–E99

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calder PC, Grimble RF (2002) Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity. Eur J Clin Nutr 56:S14–S19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candow DG, Chilibeck PD (2005) Differences in size, strength, and power of upper and lower body muscle groups in young and older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60:148–156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Chrusch MJ, Davison KS, Burke DG (2004) Effect of ceasing creatine supplementation while maintaining resistance training in older men. J Aging Phys Act 12:219–231

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Facci M, Abeysekara S, Zello GA (2006) Protein supplementation before and after resistance training in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 97:548–556

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candow DG, Little JP, Chilibeck PD, Abeysekara S, Zello G, Kazachhov M, Cornish SM, Yu PH (2008) Low-dose creatine combined with protein during resistance training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 40:1645–1652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Abeysekara S, Zello GA (2011) Short-term heavy resistance training eliminates age-related deficits in muscle mass and strength in healthy older males. J Strength Cond Res 25:326–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casperson SL, Sheffield-Moore M, Hewlings SJ, Paddon-Jones D (2012) Leucine supplementation chronically improves muscle protein synthesis in older adults consuming the RDA for protein. Clin Nutr. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2012.01.005

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ceglia L (2008) Vitamin D and skeletal muscle tissue and function. Mol Aspects Med 29:407–414

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chrusch MJ, Chilibeck PD, Chad KE, Davison KS, Burke DG (2001) Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:2111–2117

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang LT, Leonard AE, Liu JW, Mukerji P, Bray TM, Hang YS (2001) Inhibitory effect of conjugated linoleic acid on linoleic acid elongation in transformed yeast with human elongase. Lipids 36:1099–1103

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Churchward-Venne TA, Burd NA, Mitchell CJ, West DW, Philp A, Marcotte GR, Baker SK, Baar K, Phillips SM (2012) Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men. J Physiol. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228833

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornish SM, Chilibeck PD (2009) Alpha-linolenic acid supplementation and resistance training in older adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:49–59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cornish SM, Candow DG, Jantz NT, Chilibeck PD, Little JP, Forbes S, Abeysekara S, Zello GA (2009) Conjugated linoleic acid combined with creatine monohydrate and whey protein supplementation during strength training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 19:79–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Hayes A (2007a) A creatine-protein-carbohydrate supplement enhances responses to resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(11):1960–1968

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Stathis CG, Carey MF, Hayes A (2007b) Effects of whey isolate, creatine, and resistance training on muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39(2):298–307

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson-Hughes B (2008) Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and functional outcomes in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 88:537S–540S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deldicque L, Louis M, Theisen D, Nielens H, Dehoux M, Thissen JP, Rennie MJ, Francaux M (2005) Increased IGF mRNA in human skeletal muscle after creatine supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:731–736

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deldicque L, Theisen D, Bertrand L, Hespel P, Hue L, Francaux M (2007) Creatine enhances differentiation of myogenic C2C12 cells by activating both p38 and Akt/PKB pathways. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 293:C1263–C1271

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deldicque L, Atherton P, Patel R, Theisen D, Nielens H, Rennie MJ, Francaux M (2008) Effects of resistance exercise with and without creatine supplementation on gene expression and cell signaling in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 104:371–378

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deminice R, Jordao AA (2011) Creatine supplementation reduces oxidative stress biomarkers after acute exercise in rats. Amino Acids. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1121-x

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhesi JK, Moniz C, Close JC, Jackson SH, Allain TJ (2002) A rationale for vitamin D prescribing in a falls clinic population. Age Ageing 31:267–271

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D, Gilkison C, Sanford AP, Casperson SL, Jiang J, Chinkes DL, Urban RJ (2009) Amino acid supplementation increases lean body mass, basal muscle protein synthesis, and insulin-like growth factor-I expression in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1630–1637

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Pennings B, Fujita S, Glynn EL, Chinkes DL, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rsmussen BB (2008) Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am J Physiol 294:E392–E400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eijnde BO, Van Leemputte M, Goris M, Labarque V, Taes Y, Verbessem P, Vanhees L, Ramaekers M, Vanden Eynde B, Van Schuylenbergh R, Dom R, Richter EA, Hespel P (2003) Effects of creatine supplementation and exercise training on fitness in men 55–75 yr old. J Appl Physiol 95:818–828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot TA, Cree MG, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR, Tipton KD (2006) Milk ingestion stimulates net muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38:667–674

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ensrud KE, Nevitt MC, Yunis C, Cauley JA, Seeley DG, Fox KM, Cummings SR (1994) Correlates of impaired function in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 42:481–489

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans WJ (1995) What is sarcopenia? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 50:5–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faulkner JA, Larkin LM, Claflin DR, Brooks SV (2007) Age-related changes in the structure and function of skeletal muscles. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34:1091–1096

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrando AA, Paddon-Jones D, Hays NP, Kortebein P, Ronsen O, Williams RH, McComb A, Symons TB, Wolfe RR, Evans W (2010) EAA supplementation to increase nitrogen intake improves muscle function during bed rest in the elderly. Clin Nutr 29:18–23

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fielding RA, Vellas B, Evans WJ, Bhasin S, Morley JE, Newman AB et al (2011) Sarcopenia: an undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J Am Med Dir Assoc 12:249–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fimognari C, Sestili P, Lenzi M, Cantelli-Forti G, Hrelia P (2009) Protective effect of creatine against RNA damage. Mutat Res 670:59–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Forsberg AM, Nilsson E, Werneman J, Bergström J, Hultman E (1991) Muscle composition in relation to age and sex. Clin Sci (Lond) 81:249–256

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fry CS, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Dickinson JM, Gundermann DM, Timmerman KL, Waller DK, Dhanani S, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2011) Aging impairs contraction-induced human skeletal muscle mTORC1 signaling and protein synthesis. Skeletal Muscle 1:11

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita S, Abe T, Drummond MJ, Cadenas JG, Dreyer HC, Sato Y, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2007a) Blood flow restriction during low-intensity resistance exercise increases S6K1 phosphorylation and muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol 103:903–910

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita S, Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Glynn EL, Cadenas JG, Yoshizawa F, Volpi E, Rasmussen BB (2007b) Nutrient signalling in the regulation of human muscle protein synthesis. J Physiol 582:813–823

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giresi PG, Stevenson EJ, Theilhaber J, Koncarevic A, Parkington J, Fielding RA, Kandarian SC (2005) Identification of a molecular signature of sarcopenia. Physiol Genomics 1421:253–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Glerup H, Mikkelsen K, Poulsen L, Hass E, Overbeck S, Thomsen J, Charles P, Eriksen EF (2000) Commonly recommended daily intake of vitamin D is not sufficient if sunlight exposure is limited. J Intern Med 247:260–268

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotshalk LA, Volek JS, Staron RS, Denegar CR, Hagerman FC, Kraemer WJ (2002) Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:537–543

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotshalk LA, Kraemer WJ, Mendonca MA, Vingren JL, Kenny AM, Spiering BA, Hatfield DL, Fragala MS, Volek JS (2008) Creatine supplementation improves muscular performance in older women. Eur J Appl Physiol 102:223–231

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greig CA, Atherton PJ, Rennie MJ (2009) Can an NSAID a day keep muscle wasting away? J Physiol 587:5799–5800

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grosso S, Wolta V, Sala LA, Vietri M, Marchisio PC, Ron D, Biffo S (2008) PKCbetaII modulates translation independently from mTOR and through RACK1. Biochem J 415:77–85

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha E, Zemel MB (2003) Functional properties of whey, whey components, and essential amino acids: mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people (review). J Nutr Biochem 14(5):251–258

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haddad F, Zaldivar F, Cooper DM, Adams GR (2005) IL-6-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. J Appl Physiol 98:911–917

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton B (2011) Vitamin d and athletic performance: the potential role of muscle. Asian J Sports Med 2:211–219

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Lawrence RL, Fullerton AV, Phillips SM (2007) Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr 86:373–381

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holick MF (2007) Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 357:266–281

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irani PF (1976) Electromyography in nutritional osteomalacic myopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 39:686–693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • James MJ, Gibson RA, Cleland LG (2000) Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediator production. Am J Clin Nutr 71:343S–348S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston AP, De Lisio M, Parise G (2008) Resistance training, sarcopenia, and the mitochondrial theory of aging. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 33:191–199

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR (2006) A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol 291:E381–E387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kukuljan S, Nowson CA, Sanders K, Daly RM (2009) Effects of resistance exercise and fortified milk on skeletal muscle mass, muscle size, and functional performance in middle-aged and older men: an 18-mo randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol 107:1864–1873

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar V, Selby A, Rankin D, Patel R, Atherton P, Hildebrandt W, Williams J, Smith K, Seynnes O, Hiscock N, Rennie MJ (2009) Age-related differences in the dose-response relationship of muscle protein synthesis to resistance exercise in young and old men. J Physiol 587:211–217

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson L, Yu F, Hook P, Ramamurthy B, Marx JO, Pircher P (2001) Effects of aging on regulation of muscle contraction at the motor unit, muscle cell, and molecular levels. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 11:S28–S43

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leeuwenburgh C (2003) Role of apoptosis in sarcopenia. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 58:999–1001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Little JP, Phillips SM (2009) Resistance exercise and nutrition to counteract muscle wasting. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:817–828

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marzetti E, Lawler JM, Hiona A, Manini T, Seo AY, Leeuwenburgh C (2008) Modulation of age-induced apoptotic signaling and cellular remodeling by exercise and calorie restriction in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 44:160–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzetti E, Calvani R, Bernabei R, Leeuwenburgh C (2012) Apoptosis in skeletal myocytes: a potential target for interventions against sarcopenia and physical frailty—a mini-review. Gerontology 58:99–106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKay BR, Ogborn DI, Bellamy LM, Tarnopolsky MA, Parise G (2012) Myostatin is associated with age-related human muscle stem cell dysfunction. FASEB J. doi:10.1096/fj.11-198663

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meng SJ, Yu LJ (2010) Oxidative stress, molecular inflammation and sarcopenia. Int J Mol Sci 11:1509–1526

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millward D (2008) Sufficient protein for our elders? Am J Clin Nutr 88:1187–1188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP, Burckhardt P, Dawson-Hughes B, Eisman JA et al (2009) Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 20:1807–1820

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Möller P, Bergström J, Fürst P, Hellström K (1980) Effect of aging on energy-rich phosphagens in human skeletal muscles. Clin Sci (Lond) 58:553–555

    Google Scholar 

  • Montero-Odasso M, Duque G (2005) Vitamin D in the aging musculoskeletal system: an authentic strength preserving hormone. Mol Aspects Med 26:203–219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muir SW, Montero-Odasso M (2011) Effect of vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, gait and balance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 59:2291–2300

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nieuwenhuizen WF, Weenen H, Rigby P, Hetherington MM (2010) Older adults and patients in need of nutritional support: review of current treatment options and factors influencing nutritional intake. Clin Nutr 29:160–169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okuno J, Tomura S, Fukasaku T, Kim MJ, Okura T, Tanaka K, Yanagi H (2011) Examination of effects of alfacalcidol vitamin D supplement and renal function on improvement in the physical fitness of pre-frail elderly persons attending a nursing care prevention class. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 48:691–698

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen S, Aagaard P, Kadi F, Tufekovic G, Verney J, Olsen JL, Suetta C, Kjaer M (2006) Creatine supplementation augments the increase in satellite cell and myonuclei number in human skeletal muscle induced by strength training. J Physiol 1:525–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paddon-Jones D, Short KR, Campbell WW, Volpi E, Wolfe RR (2008) Role of dietary protein in the sarcopenia of aging. Am J Clin Nutr 87:1562S–1566S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parise G, Mihic S, MacLennan D, Yarasheski KE, Tarnopolsky MA (2001) Effects of acute creatine monohydrate supplementation on leucine kinetics and mixed-muscle protein synthesis. J Appl Physiol 91:1041–1047

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pariza M, Park Y, Cook ME (2001) The biologically active isoforms of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res 40:283–298

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pennings B, Boirie Y, Senden JM, Gijsen AP, Kuipers H, van Loon LJ (2011) Whey protein stimulates postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than do casein and casein hydrolysate in older men. Am J Clin Nutr 93(5):997–1005

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Minne HW (2002) Vitamin D and muscle function. Osteoporos Int 13:187–194

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips SM, Hartman JW, Wilkinson SB (2005) Dietary protein to support anabolism with resistance exercise in young men. J Am Coll Nutr 24:134S–139S

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinkoski C, Chilibeck PD, Candow DG, Esliger D, Ewaschuk JB, Facci M, Farthing JP, Zello GA (2006) The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38:339–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MM, Halade GV, Jamali AE, Fernandes G (2009) Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents age associated skeletal muscle loss. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 383:513–518

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reid KF, Fielding RA (2012) Skeletal muscle power: a critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 40:4–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rennie MJ (2009) Anabolic resistance: the effects of aging, sexual dimorphism, and immobilization on human muscle protein turnover. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 34:377–381

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rennie MJ, Wackerhage H, Spangenburg EE, Booth FW (2004) Control of the size of the human muscle mass. Ann Rev Physiol 66:799–828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts MD, Iosia M, Kerksick CM, Taylor LW, Campbell B, Wilborn CD, Harvey T, Cooke M, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Wilson R, Jitomir J, Willoughby D, Kreider RB (2007) Effects of arachidonic acid supplementation on training adaptations in resistance-trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 4:21. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-4-21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson SM, Jameson KA, Batelaan SF, Martin HJ, Syddall HE, Dennison EM, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Hertfordshire Cohort Study Group (2008) Diet and its relationship with grip strength in community-dwelling older men and women: the Hertfordshire cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:84–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson S, Cooper C, Sayer AA (2012) Nutrition and sarcopenia: A review of the evidence and implications for preventive strategies. J Aging Res 2012:1–6

  • Rodacki CLN, Rodachi ALF, Pereira G, Naliwaiko K, Coelho I, Pequito D, Fernandes LC (2012) Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 95:428–436

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roubenoff R (2003) Catabolism of aging: is it an inflammatory process? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 6:295–299

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rousseau JH, Kleppinger A, Kenny AM (2009) Self-reported dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids and association with bone and lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc 57:1781–1788

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan SL, Rygiel K, Purves-Smith FM, Solbak NM, Turnbull DM, Hepple RT (2012) Denervation causes fiber atrophy and myosin heavy chain co-expression in senescent skeletal muscle. PLoS ONE 7:e29082

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell JA (1994) Osteomalacic myopathy. Muscle Nerve 17:578–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Safdar A, Yardley NJ, Snow R, Melov S, Tarnopolsky MA (2008) Global and targeted gene expression and protein content in skeletal muscle of young men following short-term creatine monohydrate supplementation. Physiol Genomics 32:219–228

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook PN, Chen JS, March LM, Cameron ID, Cumming RG, Lord SR, Zochling J, Sitoh YY, Lau TC, Schwarz J, Seibel MJ (2004) Serum parathyroid hormone predicts time to fall independent of vitamin D status in a frail elderly population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1572–1576

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartorelli V, Fulco M (2004) Molecular and cellular determinants of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy. Sci STKE 244:re11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sato Y, Iwamoto J, Kanoko T, Satoh K (2005) Low-dose vitamin D prevents muscular atrophy and reduces falls and hip fractures in women after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 20:187–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schleithoff SS, Zittermann A, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Stehle P, Koerfer R (2006) Vitamin D supplementation improves cytokine profiles in patients with congestive heart failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 83:754–759

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sestili P, Martinelli C, Colombo E, Barbieri E, Potenza L, Sartini S, Fimognari C (2011) Creatine as an antioxidant. Amino Acids 40:1385–1396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Short KR, Nair KS (2001) Muscle protein metabolism and the sarcopenia of aging. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 11:S119–S127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simopoulos AP (2002) The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomed Pharmacother 56:365–379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson RU, Thomas GA, Arnold AJ (1985) Identification of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors and activities in muscle. J Biol Chem 260:8882–8891

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smilios I, Pilianidis T, Karamouzis M, Parlavantzas A, Tokmakidis SP (2007) Hormonal responses after a strength endurance resistance exercise protocol in young and elderly males. Int J Sports Med 28:401–406

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Rankin D, Rennie MJ, Mittendorfer B (2011a) Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 93:402–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith GI, Atherton P, Reeds DN, Mohammed BS, Rankin D, Rennie MJ, Mittendorfer B (2011b) Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment the muscle protein anabolic response to hyperinsulinaemia-hyperaminoacidaemia in healthy young and middle-aged men and women. Clin Sci 121:267–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snijder MB, van Schoor NM, Pluijm SM, van Dam RM, Visser M, Lips P (2006) Vitamin D status in relation to one-year risk of recurrent falling in older men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:2980–2985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snijders T, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJ (2009) The impact of sarcopenia and exercise training on skeletal muscle satellite cells. Ageing Res Rev 8:328–338

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen OH, Lund B, Saltin B, Lund B, Andersen RB, Hjorth L, Melsen F, Mosekilde L (1979) Myopathy in bone loss of ageing: improvement by treatment with 1 alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol and calcium. Clin Sci (Lond) 56:157–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Stout JR, Sue Graves B, Cramer JT, Goldstein ER, Costa PB, Smith AE, Walter AA (2007) Effects of creatine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue threshold and muscle strength in elderly men and women (64–86 years). J Nutr Health Aging 11:459–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM (2009) Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol 107:987–992

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarnopolsky M, Zimmer A, Paikin J, Safdar A, Aboud A, Pearce E, Roy B, Doherty T (2007) Creatine monohydrate and conjugated linoleic acid improve strength and body composition following resistance exercise in older adults. PLoS ONE 2:e991

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tipton KD, Rasmussen BB, Miller SL, Wolf SE, Owens-Stovall SK, Petrini BE, Wolfe RR (2001) Timing of amino acid-carbohydrate ingestion alters anabolic response of muscle to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 281:E197–E206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trappe TA, Carroll CC, Dickinson JM, LeMoine JK, Haus JM, Sullivan BE, Lee JD, Jemiolo B, Weinheimer EM, Hollon CJ (2011) Influence of acetaminophen and ibuprofen on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance exercise in older adults. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 300:R655–R662

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Berghe G, Van Roosbroeck D, Vanhove P, Wouters PJ, De Pourcq L, Bouillon R (2003) Bone turnover in prolonged critical illness: effect of vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:4623–4632

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Verdijk LB, Gleeson BG, Jonkers RA, Meijer K, Savelberg HH, Dendale P, van Loon LJ (2009) Skeletal muscle hypertrophy following resistance training is accompanied by a fiber type-specific increase in satellite cell content in elderly men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 64:332–339

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P, Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (2003) Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5766–5772

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Volpi E, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Mittendorfer B, Wolfe RR (2003) Essential amino acids are primarily responsible for the amino acid stimulation of muscle protein anabolism in healthy elderly adults. Am J Clin Nutr 78:250–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West DW, Burd NA, Coffey VG, Baker SK, Burke LM, Hawley JA, Moore DR, Stellingwerff T, Phillips SM (2011) Rapid aminoacidemia enhances myofibrillar protein synthesis and anabolic intramuscular signaling responses after resistance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 94:795–803

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wicherts IS, van Schoor NM, Boeke AJ, Visser M, Deeg DJ, Smit J, Knol DL, Lips P (2007) Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2058–2065

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Macdonald MJ, Macdonald JR, Armstrong D, Phillips SM (2007) Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1031–1040

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willoughby DS, Rosene JM (2003) Effects of oral creatine and resistance training on myogenic regulatory factor expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:923–929

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wyss M, Kaddurah-Daouk R (2000) Creatine and creatinine metabolism. Physiol Rev 80:1107–1213

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Darren G. Candow.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Candow, D.G., Forbes, S.C., Little, J.P. et al. Effect of nutritional interventions and resistance exercise on aging muscle mass and strength. Biogerontology 13, 345–358 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-012-9385-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-012-9385-4

Keywords

Navigation