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Nonlinear modeling of the seismic response of masonry structures: critical review and open issues towards engineering practice

  • S.I. : URM nonlinear modelling - Benchmark project
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Abstract

This paper provides a comphrensive review of the critical aspects of nonlinear modeling for evaluating the seismic response of masonry structures, emphasizing the issues relevant to engineering practice. Currently, the specialized technical community shares the opinion that, for a performance-based approach, numerical models are the only tools sufficiently effective to support the seismic assessment of existing buildings. However, their potential often falls short when attempting to accurately describe the behavior of masonry structures. In fact, these structures feature highly complex architectural configurations, different masonry types, and various structural solutions, meaning that extra care is required in numerical modeling. This is especially true when the modelers do not have a solid background in the software chosen and may not be practiced using the vast variety of options offered by the software houses. They are often unaware of the consequences that questionable modeling choices may have on the results obtained by the models. These extremely complex topics are treated in the paper from an engineering practice perspective, providing an in-depth overview of the challenging issues related to the use of different modeling strategies. The paper covers strategies ranging from the Equivalent Frame approach (widely used in common engineering practice) to more refined techniques like 2D and 3D Finite Element procedures based on continuous, discrete, and micro-mechanical approaches. Critical aspects in the modeling of both in- and out-of-plane responses of masonry, as well as the critical issues in wall-to-wall connections and diaphragm roles are investigated. All the examined issues are clarified through numerical examples highlighting also how a consistent and integrated use of different procedures may be beneficial. Finally, some of most relevant challenging issues concerning the use of numerical models in seismic assessment with the nonlinear static approach are presented and discussed.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

adapted from Cattari and Beyer 2015)

Fig. 5

adapted from Occhipinti et al. 2021)

Fig. 6

adapted from Sandoli et al. 2020a)

Fig. 7
Fig. 8

adapted from D’Altri et al. 2021)

Fig. 9
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Fig. 11

adapted from Pantò et al. 2017a)

Fig. 12
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Fig. 15

adapted from Cattari et al. 2021a)

Fig. 16

adapted from Camiletti 2019

Fig. 17

adapted from Castellazzi et al. 2021); c corner elements connecting adjacent discrete-macro elements (adapted from Pantò et al. 2016); d Rigid Body Spring Model, i.e., rigid elements joined by homogenized interfaces (adapted from Bertolesi et al. 2016); e alternative options in EF models

Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20

adapted from Bertolesi et al. 2016 and 2019 in case a) and from Bertolesi et al. 2018 in case b). In both cases the damage for horizontal/vertical bending are reported (a3 and b3) together with the comparison in terms of pushover curves (a2) or displacement at the first floor (b2)

Fig. 21

adapted from Cattari et al. 2021b)

Fig. 22
Fig. 23

adapted from Vanin et al. 2020b)

Fig. 24
Fig. 25
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Fig. 28

adapted from Chácara et al. 2018)

Fig. 29

adapted from Pantò et al. 2016)

Fig. 30
Fig. 31
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Fig. 33

adapted from Cannizzaro et al. 2021)

Fig. 34

adapted from Occhipinti et al. 2021)

Fig. 35

adapted from Manzini et al. 2021 for BS4, from Ottonelli et al. 2021 for BS5, and Degli Abbati et al. 2021 for BS6)

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Availability of data and material

The benchmark structures mentioned in the paper can be replicated by other interested researchers and analysts thanks to the input data provided in Cattari and Magenes (2021) as supplementary electronic material (Annex I-Benchmark Structures Input Data). The results on these benchmark structures are discussed in other scientific papers of the Special Issue “URM nonlinear modeling—Benchmark project” published on Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering.

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Acknowledgements

The study presented in the paper was developed within the research activities carried out in the frame of the 2014–2018 ReLUIS Project (Topic: Masonry Structures; Coord. Proff. Sergio Lagomarsino, Guido Magenes, Claudio Modena, Francesca da Porto) and of the 2019–2021 ReLUIS Project—WP10 “Code contributions relating to existing masonry structures”(Coord. Guido Magenes). The projects are funded by the Italian Department of Civil Protection. Moreover, the Authors acknowledge the whole group of research teams (RT) that participated to this research activity: UniGE RT (University of Genova; Coord. Prof. Serena Cattari; Participants: Stefania Degli Abbati, Daria Ottonelli); UniPV RT (University of Pavia: Coord. Guido Magenes, Participants: Carlo Manzini, Paolo Morandi); UniCH RT (University of Chieti-Pescara; Coord. Prof. Guido Camata, Participants: Corrado Marano); UniCT RT (University of Catania–Coord. Prof. Ivo Caliò; Participants: Francesco Canizzaro, Giuseppe Occhipinti, Bartolomeo Pantò); UniNA RT (University Federico II of Naples– Coord. Prof. Bruno Calderoni; Participants: Emilia Angela Cordasco, Gaetana Pacella); UniBO RT (University of Bologna- Coord. Prof. Stefano de Miranda—Participants: Giovanni Castellazzi, Antonio Maria D’Altri); POLIMI RT (Polytechnic of Milan- Coord. Prof. Gabriele Milani; Participant: Nicola Grillanda); IUAV RT (University Iuav of Venice—Coord. Prof. Anna Saetta; Participants: Luisa Berto, Diego Alejandro Talledo).

Funding

The research activity “URM nonlinear modeling—Benchmark project”, whose methodology and benchmark structures proposed, are presented in this paper, did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors that may gain or lose financially through publication of this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil, Chemical and Environmental Engineering (DICCA), University of Genoa, Via Montallegro 1, 16145, Genoa, Italy

    Serena Cattari

  2. Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture (DIST), University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Napoli, Italy

    Bruno Calderoni

  3. Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Architettura (DICAR), University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, 95125, Catania, Italy

    Ivo Caliò

  4. Department of Engineering and Geology (INGEO), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti Pescara, Pescara, Italy

    Guido Camata

  5. Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136, Bologna, Italy

    Stefano de Miranda

  6. Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture (DICAR), University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 3, 27100, Pavia, Italy

    Guido Magenes

  7. Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering (A.B.C.), Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milan, Italy

    Gabriele Milani

  8. Department of Architecture and Arts (DCP), University Iuav of Venice, Dorsoduro 2206, 30123, Venezia, Italy

    Anna Saetta

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Contributions

SC: conceptualization, methodology, original basis of scientific results presented in the examples discussed in the paper, writing-original draft; BC/IC/GC/SDM/GM/GM/AS: conceptualization, methodology, original basis of scientific results presented in the examples discussed in the paper, writing-review.

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Cattari, S., Calderoni, B., Caliò, I. et al. Nonlinear modeling of the seismic response of masonry structures: critical review and open issues towards engineering practice. Bull Earthquake Eng 20, 1939–1997 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-021-01263-1

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