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Cell death-resistance of differentiated myotubes is associated with enhanced anti-apoptotic mechanisms compared to myoblasts

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Abstract

Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with elevated apoptosis while muscle differentiation results in apoptosis resistance, indicating that the role of apoptosis in skeletal muscle is multifaceted. The objective of this study was to investigate mechanisms underlying apoptosis susceptibility in proliferating myoblasts compared to differentiated myotubes and we hypothesized that cell death-resistance in differentiated myotubes is mediated by enhanced anti-apoptotic pathways. C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes were treated with H2O2 or staurosporine (Stsp) to induce cell death. H2O2 and Stsp induced DNA fragmentation in more than 50% of myoblasts, but in myotubes less than 10% of nuclei showed apoptotic changes. Mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation was detected with H2O2 and Stsp in myoblasts, while this response was greatly diminished in myotubes. Caspase-3 activity was 10-fold higher in myotubes compared to myoblasts, and Stsp caused a significant caspase-3 induction in both. However, exposure to H2O2 did not lead to caspase-3 activation in myoblasts, and only to a modest induction in myotubes. A similar response was observed for caspase-2, -8 and -9. Abundance of caspase-inhibitors (apoptosis repressor with caspase recruitment domain (ARC), and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and -25 was significantly higher in myotubes compared to myoblasts, and in addition ARC was suppressed in response to Stsp in myotubes. Moreover, increased expression of HSPs in myoblasts attenuated cell death in response to H2O2 and Stsp. Protein abundance of the pro-apoptotic protein endonuclease G (EndoG) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was higher in myotubes compared to myoblasts. These results show that resistance to apoptosis in myotubes is increased despite high levels of pro-apoptotic signaling mechanisms, and we suggest that this protective effect is mediated by enhanced anti-caspase mechanisms.

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Acknowledgment

This research was supported by National Institute on Health grant # AG028925 and AR053967.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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  1. Rijin Xiao

    Present address: Alltech, Inc., Nicholasville, KY, 40356, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 S Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA

    Rijin Xiao

  2. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 S Limestone, Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA

    Amy L. Ferry

  3. Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 S Limestone, Rm 204L, Lexington, KY, 40536-0200, USA

    Esther E. Dupont-Versteegden

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Xiao, R., Ferry, A.L. & Dupont-Versteegden, E.E. Cell death-resistance of differentiated myotubes is associated with enhanced anti-apoptotic mechanisms compared to myoblasts. Apoptosis 16, 221–234 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-010-0566-9

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