Abstract
Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), the two-spotted spider mite, is a pest that limits strawberry production in Mexico. Little is known about the interactions that occur between T. urticae and healthy strawberry plants or strawberry plants infested by conspecific spider mites. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the attraction of T. urticae to healthy strawberry plants mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and to plants damaged by conspecifics mediated by herbivore-induce plant volatiles (HIPVs). First, we conducted dual-choice tests using a Y-tube olfactometer with plants and extracts obtained through dynamic aeration. The volatile composition of the extracts was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Once the compounds were identified, we also conducted dual-choice tests with selected synthetic compounds. Tetranychus urticae exhibited greater attraction to both healthy and damaged plants compared to the control (clean air). However, when healthy and damaged plants were offered simultaneously, there was no significant preference observed. Bioassays with extracts obtained by dynamic aeration yielded similar results. The identified compounds were terpenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. We found qualitative and quantitative changes between the VOCs emitted by the healthy plant and the HIPVs from mite-damaged plants. The individual compounds α-pinene (10 ng), pseudocumene (10 ng), and limonene (1 ng) and 10 ng of the blend made of α-pinene + pseudocumene + mesitylene + limonene (5:34:57:4) attracted more T. urticae than the control. However, the binary blend of pseudocumene + limonene (91:9) was more attractive than the other binary or three-compound blends evaluated. These results may contribute to developing strategies for the management of this pest.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Antonio Santiesteban for his valuable technical assistance, equipment support, and provision of material and reagents. We thank the company Driscoll’s for allowing us to collect two-spotted spider mites from their infested strawberry crops, and Karina Grajales Tam and Alfonso Barbosa for their assistance in the cultivation of plants and rearing of spiders in the laboratory. Neby M. Merida-Torres (1102675) extends special thanks to the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Humanidades y Tecnología (CONAHCyT) and ECOSUR for funding.
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Mérida-Torres, N.M., Cruz-López, L., Malo, E.A. et al. Attraction of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), to healthy and damaged strawberry plants mediated by volatile cues. Exp Appl Acarol 91, 413–427 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00852-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-023-00852-w