Skip to main content
Log in

Automated theorem proving by resolution in non-classical logics

  • Published:
Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper is an overview of a variety of results, all centered around a common theme, namely embedding of non-classical logics into first order logic and resolution theorem proving. We present several classes of non-classical logics, many of which are of great practical relevance in knowledge representation, which can be translated into tractable and relatively simple fragments of classical logic. In this context, we show that refinements of resolution can often be used successfully for automated theorem proving, and in many interesting cases yield optimal decision procedures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Anderson, A.R., Belnap, N.D.: Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity, vol. 1. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Andréka, H., van Benthem, J., Németi, I.: Modal languages and bounded fragments of predicate logic. J. Philos. Logic 27, 217–274 (1998)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  3. Aguzzoli, S., Ciabattoni, A.: Finiteness of infinite-valued Łukasiewicz logic. J. Logic, Lang. Inf. 9, 5–29 (2000)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Andréka, H., Németi, I., Sain, I.: Algebraic logic. In: Handbook of Philosophical Logic, 2nd edn., vol. 2. Kluwer, Dordrecht (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Baader, F.: Terminological cycles in a description logic with existential restrictions. In: Gottlob, G., Walsh, T. (eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (IJCAR 2003), pp. 325–330. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Baader, F.: The instance problem and the most specific concept in the description logic \({\mathcal E}{\mathcal L}\) w.r.t. terminological cycles with descriptive semantics. In: Günter, A., Kruse, R., Neumann, B. (eds) Proceedings of the 26th Annual German Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (KI 2003). LNAI, vol. 2821, pp. 64–78. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Baaz, M., Fermüller, C.G.: Resolution-based theorem proving for many-valued logics. J. Symb. Comput. 19, 353–391 (1995)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Baaz, M., Fermüller, C.G., Ciabattoni, A.: Herbrand’s theorem for prenex Gödel logic and its consequences for theorem proving. In: Nieuwenhuis, R., Voronkov, A. (eds) Proceedings of LPAR’2001. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2250, pp. 201–215. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Baaz, M., Fermüller, C.G., Salzer, G.: Automated deduction for many-valued logics. In: Robinson, A., Voronkov, A. (eds) Handbook of Automated Reasoning, vol. II, pp. 1355–1402. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bachmair, L., Ganzinger, H.: Rewrite-based equational theorem proving with selection and simplification. J. Log. Comput. 4(3), 217–247 (1994)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Bachmair, L., Ganzinger, H.: Ordered chaining calculi for first-order theories of transitive relations. Journal of the ACM 45(6), 1007–1049 (1998)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Beckert, B., Hähnle, R., Manyà, F.: Transformations between signed and classical clause logic. In: Proceedings of the 29th International Symposium on Multiple-valued Logic (ISMVL’99), Freiburg, Germany, pp. 248–255. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Beckert, B., Hähnle, R., Manyà, F.: The 2-SAT problem of regular signed CNF formulas. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Multiple-valued Logic (ISMVL’2000), Portland, USA, pp. 331–336. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Béjar, R., Hähnle, R., Manyà, F.: A modular reduction of regular logic to classical logic. In: Proceedings if the 31st International Symposium on Multiple-valued Logic (ISMVL’01), Warsaw, Poland, pp. 221–226. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ (2001)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Blackburn, P., de Rijke, M., Venema, Y.: Modal Logic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2001)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Burris, S., Sankappanavar, H.P.: A course in universal algebra. In: Graduate Texts in Mathematics. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (1981)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Burris, S.: Polynomial time uniform word problems. Math. Log. Q. 41, 173–182 (1995)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  18. Caferra, R., Zabel, N.: An application of many-valued logic to decide propositional S5 formulae: A strategy designed for a parametric tableaux-based theorem prover. In: Artificial Intelligence IV: Methodology, Systems, Applications, pp. 23–32. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1990)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Dezani-Ciangaglini, M., Frisch, A., Giovannetti, E., Motohama, Y.: The relevance of semantic subtyping. Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 70(1) (2002)

  20. Davey, B.A., Priestley, H.A.: Introduction to Lattices and Order. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1990)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Dummet, M.: A propositional calculus with denumerable matrix. J. Symb. Log. 24(2), 97–106 (1959)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Dunn, J.M.: Positive modal logic. Stud. Log. 55, 301–317 (1995)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Ganzinger, H., Hustadt, U., Meyer, C., Schmidt, R.A.: A resolution-based decision procedure for extensions of K4. In: Zakharyaschev, M., Segerberg, K., de Rijke, M., Wansing, H. (eds.) Advances in Modal Logic, vol. 119. CSLI Lecture Notes, chapter 9, vol. 2, pp. 225–246. CSLI, Stanford, USA (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ganzinger, H., de Nivelle, H.: A superposition decision procedure for the guarded fragment with equality. In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS’99), pp. 295–303. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, CA (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Goldblatt, R.: Mathematics of modality, vol. 43 of Center for the Study of Language and Information. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ganzinger, H., Sofronie-Stokkermans, V.: Chaining techniques for automated theorem proving in many-valued logics. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Multiple-valued Logic (ISMVL’2000), Portland, USA, pp. 337–344. IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hähnle, R.: Automated Theorem Proving in Multiple-valued Logics. Oxford University Press, London, UK (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hähnle, R.: Many-valued logic and mixed integer programming. Ann. Math. Artif. Intell. 12(3,4), 231–264 (1994)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  29. Hähnle, R.: Short conjunctive normal forms in finitely valued logics. J. Log. Comput. 4(6), 905–927 (1994)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Hähnle, R.: Exploiting data dependencies in many-valued logics. J. Appl. Non-Class. Log. 6(1), 49–69 (1996)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  31. Hähnle, R.: Proof theory of many-valued logic – linear optimization – logic design. Soft Computing – A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications 1(3), 107–119 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Hähnle, R.: Proof theory of many-valued logic – linear optimization – logic design: connections and interactions. Soft Computing – A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications 1(3), 107–119 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Hähnle, R.: Advanced many-valued logics. In: Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol. 2, pp. 297–395. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2nd edn. (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Hähnle, R.: Complexity of many-valued logics. In: Fitting, M., Orłowska, E. (eds) Beyond Two: Theory and Applications of Multiple Valued Logic. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol. 114, chapter 3, pp. 211–233. Springer, Berlin (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hájek, P.: Metamathematics of fuzzy logic. In: Trends in Logic, vol. 4. Kluwer, Dordrecht (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Iturrioz, L., Orłowska, E.: A Kripke-style and relational semantics for logics based on Łukasiewicz algebras. Conference in honour of J. Łukasiewicz, Dublin (1996)

  37. Ishtiaq, S.,O’Hearn, P.: BI as an assertion language for mutable data structures. In: Proceedings of 28th Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages (POPL’01), pp. 14–26. ACM, New York (2001)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Iturrioz, L.: Symmetrical Heyting algebras with operators. Z. Math. Log. Grundl. Math. 29, 33–70 (1983)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  39. Kifer, M., Lozinskii, M.: A logic for reasoning with inconsistency. J. Autom. Reason. 9, 179–215 (1992)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  40. Kazakov, Y., de Nivelle, H.: Subsumption of concepts in \({\mathcal F}{\mathcal L}_0\) for (cyclic) terminologies with respect to descriptive semantics is PSPACE-complete. In: Calvanese, D., De Giacomo, G., Franconi, E. (eds) 2003 International Workshop on Description Logics (DL-03), vol. 81 of CEUR Workshop Proceedings, pp. 56–64, University of Rome “La Sapienza” and Free University of Bolzano/Bozen, CEUR, Rome, Italy (September 2003)

  41. Lu, J., Murray, N.V., Rosenthal, E.: A framework for reasoning in multiple-valued logics. J. Autom. Reason. 21(1), 39–67 (1998)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  42. Łukasiewicz, J.: Philosophische Bemerkungen zu mehrwertigen Systemen des Aussagenkalküls. Comptes rendus de la Société des Sciences et Lettres de Varsovie, cl.iii 23, 51–77 (1930)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Manyà, F.: The 2-SAT problem in signed CNF formulas. Multiple-Valued Logic. An International Journal 5 (2000)

  44. McAllester, D., Givan, R., Kozen, D., Witty, C.: Tarskian set constraints. Inf. Comput. 174, 105–131 (2002)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  45. Mundici, D., Olivetti, N.: Resolution and model building in the infinite-valued calculus of Łukasiewicz. Theor. Comp. Sci. 200, 335–366 (1998)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  46. Mundici, D.: Satisfiability of many-valued sentential logics is NP-complete. Theor. Comp. Sci. 52, 145–153 (1987)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  47. Ohlbach, H.J.: Translation methods for non-classical logics: An overview. Bulletin of the IGPL 1(1), 69–89 (1993)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  48. Ono, H., Komori, Y.: Logics without the contraction rule. J. Symb. Log. 50, 169–201 (1985)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  49. Ono, H.: Semantics for substructural logics. In: Schroeder-Heister, P., Došen, K. (eds) Substructural Logics, pp. 259–291. Oxford University Press, London, UK (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Pym, D.J.: The semantics and proof theory of the logic of bunched implications. In: Applied Logics Series, vol. 26. Kluwer, Boston, MA (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Rasiowa, H.: An algebraic approach to non-classical logics. In: Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, vol. 78. North Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  52. Schmidt, R.A.: Decidability by resolution for propositional modal logics. J. Autom. Reason. 22(4), 379–396 (1999)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  53. Sofronie-Stokkermans, V.: Automated theorem proving by resolution for finitely-valued logics based on distributive lattices with operators. Multiple-valued Logic – An International Journal 6(3/4), 289–344 (2001)

    MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  54. Sofronie-Stokkermans, V.: On uniform word problems involving bridging operators on distributive lattices. In: Egly, U., Fermüller, Ch. (eds) Proceedings of TABLEAUX 2002. LNAI, Copenhagen, Denmark, vol. 2381, pp. 235–250. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Sofronie-Stokkermans, V.: Resolution-based decision procedures for the universal theory of some classes of distributive lattices with operators. J. Symb. Comput. 36(6), 891–924 (2003)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  56. Urquhart, A.: Many-valued logic. In: Gabbay, D., Guenthner, F. (eds) Handbook of Philosophical Logic, vol. III, pp. 71–116. Reidel, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  57. Urquhart, A.: Duality for algebras of relevant logics. Stud. Log. 56(1,2), 263–276 (1996)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Viorica Sofronie-Stokkermans.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sofronie-Stokkermans, V. Automated theorem proving by resolution in non-classical logics. Ann Math Artif Intell 49, 221–252 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10472-007-9051-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10472-007-9051-8

Keywords

Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000)

Navigation