Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

A 5.8 GHz fully integrated BiCMOS SiGe:C injection-locked-oscillator-based active phase shifter for energy beamforming

  • Published:
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper presents the design and the implementation of a fully integrated active phase shifter for beamforming at 5.8 GHz. The proposed circuit, implemented in a 0.25 µm BiCMOS SiGe:C process, is based on an original architecture using an injection-locked oscillator (ILO) associated with an in-phase/quadrature (IQ) modulator. The dynamic behaviour of an ILO is first analysed theoretically and important characteristics are deduced. At 2.5 V power supply voltage and total power dissipation of only 92.5 mW, the proposed circuit allows to obtain a 360° phase shift range and occupies 1.43 mm2. This phase shift is synthesised using the ILO for fine-tuning and the IQ modulator for coarse tuning.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. STATISTA. Internet of Things - number of connected devices worldwide 2015–2025 (2019). Statista Research Department. Retrieved November 14, 2019, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/471264/iot-number-of-connected-devices-worldwide/.

  2. Aloulou, R., lucas de Peslouan, P. O., Armand, J., Mnif, H., Alicalapa, F., Loulou, M., & Luk, J. L. S. (2014). Improved circuit model of photovoltaic cell for energy harvesting application. In 17th IEEE mediterranean electrotechnical conf. (MELECON) (pp. 548–552).

  3. Hyun, J. H., Huang, L., & Ha, D. S. (2018). Vibration and thermal energy harvesting system for automobiles with impedance matching and wake-up. In 2018 IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems (ISCAS) (pp. 1–5).

  4. Leoni, A., Pantoli, L., Stornelli, V., Ferri, G., Šolić, P., & Russo, M. (2018). A combined 90/900 MHz IC architecture for smart tag application. Journal of Communications Software and Systems. https://doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v14i1.451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Zeng, Y., Clerckx, B., & Zhang, R. (2017). Communications and signals design for wireless power transmission. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 65(5), 2264–2290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Jawad, A. M., Nordin, R., Gharghan, S. K., Jawad, H. M., & Ismail, M. (2017). Opportunities and challenges for near-field wireless power transfer: A review. Energies, 10(7), 1022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Zhang, R., & Ho, C. K. (2013). MIMO broadcasting for simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 12(5), 1989–2001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Choi, K. W., Aziz, A. A., Setiawan, D., Tran, N. M., Ginting, L., & Kim, D. I. (2018). Distributed wireless power transfer system for internet of things devices. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(4), 2657–2671.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Choi, K. W., Ginting, L., Setiawan, D., Aziz, A. A., & Kim, D. I. (2017). Coverage probability of distributed wireless power transfer system. In Ninth international conference on ubiquitous and future networks (pp. 691–696).

  10. Wang, X., Ruan, B., Wong, H., Chan, C. H., & Lu, M. (2017). Retro-directive beamforming versus retro-reflective beamforming for wireless power transmission. In 2017 IEEE wireless power transfer conference (pp. 1–4).

  11. Bonnedal, M., Karlsson, I., & Van’t Klooster, K. (1991). A dual beam slotted waveguide array antenna for SAR applications. In Seventh international conference on antennas and propagation (ICAP) (pp. 559–562).

  12. Kalyoncu, I., Ozeren, E., Kaynak, M., & Gurbuz, Y. (2013). A 4-bit SiGe passive phase shifter for X-band phased arrays. In IEEE 13th topical meeting on silicon monolithic integrated circuits in RF systems (pp. 210–212).

  13. Hutu, F., Cordeau, D., & Paillot, J. M. (2011). 2.4 GHz antenna array using vector modulator-based active phase shifters for beamforming. IET Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, 5(2), 245–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Yao, Y., Li, Z., Cheng, G., & Luo, L. (2017). A 6-bit active phase shifter for Ku-band phased arrays. In 9th international conference on wireless communications and signal processing (WCSP) (pp. 1–5).

  15. Cetindogan, B., Ozeren, E., Ustundag, B., Kaynak, M., & Gurbuz, Y. (2015). A 6 bit vector-sum phase shifter with a decoder based control circuit for X-band phased-arrays. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 26(1), 64–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hu, J. T., Li, W., He, L., Liu, S. S., Xu, Y. Y., & Gong, J. (2018). A 65 nm CMOS 6–18 GHz full 360° 6-bit phase shifter. In IEEE 18th topical meeting on silicon monolithic integrated circuits in RF systems (SiRF) (pp. 51–53).

  17. Cordeau, D., Mellouli, D., Paillot, J. M., Mnif, H., & Loulou, M. (2015). A fully monolithic 5.8 GHz low phase noise coupled VCO network for phased-array systems. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 82(1), 335–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wu, L., Li, A., & Luong, H. C. (2013). A 4-path 42.8-to-49.5 GHz LO generation with automatic phase tuning for 60 GHz phased-array receivers. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 48(10), 2309–2322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Adler, R. (1946). A study of locking phenomena in oscillators. Proceedings of the IRE, 34(6), 351–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Paciorek, L. J. (1965). Injection locking of oscillators. Proceedings of the IEEE, 53(11), 1723–1727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kurokawa, K. (1973). Injection-locking of solid state microwave oscillators. Proceedings of the IEEE, 61(10), 1386–1409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Razavi, B. (2004). A study of injection locking and pulling in oscillators. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 39(9), 1415–1424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Cordeau, D., Ionita, M. I., Paillot, J. M., & Iordache, M. (2013). New formulation of the equations describing the locked states of two van der pol oscillators coupled through a broadband network–application to the design of two differential coupled VCOs. Frequenz, 67(7–8), 237–247.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ionita, M., Cordeau, D., Paillot, J. M., Bachir, S., & Iordache, M. (2013). A CAD tool for an array of differential oscillators coupled through a broadband network. International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, 23(2), 178–187.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Shekhar, S., Mansuri, M., O’Mahony, F., Balamurugan, G., Jaussi, J. E., Kennedy, J., et al. (2009). Strong injection locking in low-Q LC oscillators: Modeling and application in a forwarded-clock I/O receiver. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 56(8), 1818–1829.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  26. Ali, I., Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, A., & Biswas, B. N. (2011). Study of injection locking with amplitude perturbation and its effect on pulling of oscillator. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 59(1), 137–147.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  27. Lanka, N., Patnaik, S., & Harjani, R. (2007). Understanding the transient behavior of injection locked LC oscillators. In IEEE custom integrated circuits conference (pp. 667–670).

  28. Razavi, B. (1998). RF microelectronics (Vol. 2). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Wu, C., Li, Z., & Sun, G. (2014). A low voltage low power up-conversion mixer for WSN application. Journal of Semiconductor, 35(4), 45006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/35/4/045006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank O. Negro and S. Soubie for their technical support. The authors also thank the LABEX Σ-LIM for the financial support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mariem Kanoun.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kanoun, M., Jadav, B.P.S., Cordeau, D. et al. A 5.8 GHz fully integrated BiCMOS SiGe:C injection-locked-oscillator-based active phase shifter for energy beamforming. Analog Integr Circ Sig Process 106, 363–374 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-020-01586-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-020-01586-0

Keywords

Navigation