Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy among People Living with HIV: Review and Meta-Analysis

  • Substantive Review
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study aims to estimate the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy among people living with HIV (PLWHA). A search for observational studies was conducted in five databases and preprinted literature. Summary estimates were pooled using a random effects model and meta-regression. Of 150 identified studies, 31 were eligible (18,550 PLWHA). The weighted prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy overall was 29.07% among PLWHA (95%CI = 24.33–34.32; I² = 98%,) and that of vaccine acceptance was 68.66% (95%CI = 62.25–74.43; I² = 98%). Higher hesitancy prevalence was identified in low/lower-middle income countries (35.05; 95% CI = 19.38–54.78). The heterogeneity was explained by the risk of bias, region, and year of data collection. The findings conclude that the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy rate remains high, especially in low-income countries. Evidence-informed interventions aimed at increasing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance at the national and individual levels ought to be designed to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among PLWHA.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

COVID-19:

Coronavirus Disease 2019

JBI:

Joana Bricks Institute

I2 :

I-squared

LMIC:

Low and Middle Income Countries

MOOSE:

Meta-analyses of Observational Studies in Epidemiology

PLWHA:

Persons Living With HIV

References

  1. World Health Organization (WHO). COVID-19 Vaccines Advice.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/covid-19-vaccines/advice. Accessed 6 Nov 2022.

  2. Oehler RL, Vega VR. Worldwide vaccine inequality threatens to unleash the next COVID-19 variant. Int J Infect Dis IJID off Publ Int Soc Infect Dis Can. 2022;123:133–5.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sallam M, Al-Sanafi M, Sallam M. A Global Map of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Rates per Country: an updated Concise Narrative Review. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2022;15:21–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Ekstrand ML, Heylen E, Gandhi M, Steward WT, Pereira M, Srinivasan K. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among PLWH in South India: implications for Vaccination campaigns. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;88(5):421–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002803.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Danwang C, Noubiap JJ, Robert A, Yombi JC. Outcomes of patients with HIV and COVID-19 co-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Res Ther. 2022;19(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-021-00427-y.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and people living with HIV. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-covid-19-and-people-living-with-hiv. Accessed 8 Nov 2022.

  7. Bhaskaran K, Rentsch CT, MacKenna B, Schultze A, Mehrkar A, Bates CJ, et al. HIV infection and COVID-19 death: a population-based cohort analysis of UK primary care data and linked national death registrations within the OpenSAFELY platform. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(1):e24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30305-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Qi L, Yang L, Ge J, Yu L, Li X. COVID-19 vaccination behavior of people living with HIV: the mediating role of Perceived Risk and Vaccination Intention. 2021;9(11):1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111288.

  9. Robinson E, Jones A, Lesser I, Daly M. International estimates of intended uptake and refusal of COVID-19 vaccines: a rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of large nationally representative samples. Vaccine. 2021;39(15):2024–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Ackah M, Ameyaw L, Gazali Salifu M, Afi Asubonteng DP, Osei Yeboah C, Narkotey Annor E, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among health care workers in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0268711.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Bianchi FP, Stefanizzi P, Brescia N, Lattanzio S, Martinelli A, Tafuri S. COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in Italian healthcare workers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2022;21:1289–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Galanis P, Vraka I, Siskou O, Konstantakopoulou O, Katsiroumpa A, Kaitelidou D. Willingness, refusal and influential factors of parents to vaccinate their children against the COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2022;157:106994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.106994.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Yazdani A, Mirmosayyeb O, Ghaffary EM, Hashemi MS, Ghajarzadeh M. COVID-19 vaccines and patients with multiple sclerosis: willingness, unwillingness and hesitancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol. 2022;43:4085–94.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Geng H, Cao K, Zhang J, Wu K, Wang G, Liu C. Attitudes of COVID-19 vaccination among college students: a systematic review and meta-analysis of willingness, associated determinants, and reasons for hesitancy. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2022;18:2054260.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Bhattacharya O, Siddiquea BN, Shetty A, Afroz A, Billah B. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2022;12:e061477.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Bianchi FP, Stefanizzi P, Di Gioia MC, Brescia N, Lattanzio S, Tafuri S. COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in pregnant and breastfeeding women and strategies to increase vaccination compliance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2022;21:1443–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283:2008–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. MacDonald NE. Vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015;33:4161–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Thomson A, Robinson K, Vallée-Tourangeau G. The 5As: a practical taxonomy for the determinants of vaccine uptake. Vaccine. 2016;34:1018–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Munn Z, Moola S, Riitano D, Lisy K. The development of a critical appraisal tool for use in systematic reviews addressing questions of prevalence. Int J Heal Policy Manag. 2014;3:123–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Migliavaca CB, Stein C, Colpani V, Barker TH, Ziegelmann PK, Munn Z, et al. Meta-analysis of prevalence: I(2) statistic and how to deal with heterogeneity. Res Synth Methods. 2022;13:363–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–60.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Accessed 28 Nov 2022.

  24. Viechtbauer W. Conducting Meta-analyses in R with the metafor Package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Iliyasu Z, Kwaku AA, Umar AA, Tsiga-Ahmed F, Nass NS, Abdullahi HM, et al. Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among patients living with HIV in northern Nigeria: a mixed methods study. Curr HIV Res 2021 Curr HIV Res. 2022;20(1):82–90. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162X19666211217093223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jaiswal J, Krause KD, Martino RJ, D’Avanzo PA, Griffin M, Stults CB, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination hesitancy and behaviors in a National Sample of people living with HIV. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2022;36(1):34–44. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2021.01446d9c06.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jones DL, Salazar AS, Rodriguez VJ, Balise RR, Starita CU, Morgan K, et al. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: vaccine hesitancy among underrepresented racial and ethnic groups with HIV in Miami, Florida. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8:ofab154.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Kaida A, Brotto LA, Murray MCM, Côté HCF, Albert AY, Nicholson V, et al. Intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine by HIV Status among a Population-based sample of women and gender diverse individuals in British Columbia, Canada. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(7):2242–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03577-w.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Lin J, Wong FO-S, Thibodeaux C, Choi-McInturff M, Tamayo A, Levy V. 574. High Acceptance and Rapid Implementation of COVID-19 Vaccine in a Public HIV Clinic in Northern California: An Initial Analysis of Social Determinants. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2021. p. S389.

  30. Liu Y, Han J, Li X, Chen D, Zhao X, Qiu Y, et al. Covid-19 vaccination in people living with hiv (plwh) in China: a cross sectional study of vaccine hesitancy, safety, and immunogenicity. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(12):1458. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9121458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mesfin Y, Argaw M, Geze S, Zewdu BT. Factors Associated with Intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine among HIV positive patients attending ART clinic in Southwest Ethiopia. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2021;15:2731–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Ortiz-Martínez Y, López-López MÁ, Ruiz-González CE, Turbay-Caballero V, Sacoto DH, Caldera-Caballero M, et al. Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination in people living with HIV/AIDS from Latin America. Int J STD AIDS. 2022;33:652–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Protopapas K, Thomas K, Moschopoulos CD, Grigoropoulos I, Oikonomopoulou C, Zampetas G et al. PE4/12 Attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Greece: single center study. EACS 2021 Progr. https://eacs2021.abstractserver.com/program/#/details/presentations/902. Accessed 13 Nov 2022.

  34. Shrestha R, Meyer JP, Shenoi S, Khati A, Altice FL, Mistler C, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and Associated Factors among people with HIV in the United States: findings from a National Survey. Vaccines. Switzerland; 2022. p. 10.

  35. Ballivian J, Alcaide M, Cecchini D, Cassetti I, Jones Weiss D. COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among people living with HIV in Argentina. HIV Med. 2021;22:207–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/hiv.13183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Strathdee SA, Abramovitz D, Harvey-Vera A, Vera CF, Rangel G, Artamonova I, et al. Correlates of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy among people who inject drugs in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(1):e726–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Su J, Jia Z, Wang X, Qin F, Chen R, Wu Y, et al. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination and influencing factors among people living with HIV in Guangxi, China: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22:471.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Swendeman D, Norwood P, Saleska J, Lewis K, Ramos W, SantaBarbara N, et al. Vaccine attitudes and COVID-19 vaccine intentions and Prevention behaviors among Young people At-Risk for and living with HIV in Los Angeles and New Orleans. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(3):413.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Vallée A, Fourn E, Majerholc C, Touche P, Zucman D. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among French people living with HIV. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(4):302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wickersham JA, Meyer JP, Shenoi S, Altice FL, Barakat LA, Virata M, et al. Willingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19 among people with HIV in the United States: results from a National Survey. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:886936. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.886936.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wu S, Ming F, Xing Z, Zhang Z, Zhu S, Guo W, et al. COVID-19 vaccination willingness among people living with HIV in Wuhan, China. Front Public Heal. 2022;10:883453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Yao Y, Chai R, Yang J, Zhang X, Huang X, Yu M, et al. Correction: reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among Chinese people living with HIV/AIDS: structural equation modeling analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(6):e33995. https://doi.org/10.2196/33995. Erratum in: JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2022;8(7):e40910.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Zheng W, Sun Y, Li H, Zhao H, Zhan Y, Gao Y, et al. COVID-19 vaccine uptake and hesitancy among HIV-infected men who have sex with men in mainland China: a cross-sectional survey. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(12):4971–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2021.1996152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Davtyan M, Frederick T, Taylor J, Christensen C, Brown BJ, Nguyen AL. Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptability among older adults living with HIV. Med (Baltim). 2022;101:e29907.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Mohamed R, White TM, Lazarus JV, Salem A, Kaki R, Marrakchi W, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and associated factors among people living with HIV in the Middle East and North Africa region. South Afr J HIV Med. 2022;23:1391.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Bert F, Pivi A, Russotto A, Mollero B, Voglino G, Orofino G, et al. COVID-19 vaccination among HIV + patients: an Italian cross-sectional survey. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(9):1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Ousseine YM, Vaux S, Vandentorren S, Bonmarin I, Champenois K, Lydié N, et al. Predictors of uncertainty and unwillingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine in men who have sex with men in France. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9):5372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Bogart LM, Ojikutu BO, Tyagi K, Klein DJ, Mutchler MG, Dong L, et al. COVID-19 Related Medical Mistrust, Health impacts, and potential vaccine hesitancy among Black americans Living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;86(2):200–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Cordie A, Mohamed R, Salem AA, Lazarus JV, White TM, Kaki R, et al. COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and its associated factors among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region: a cross-sectional multi-centre study. HIV Med. 2021;22:208–9.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Donohue S, Boyle N, Holmes A. A survey of the potential Acceptance of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Amongst people living with HIV. Ir Med J.114:477.

  51. Folayan MO, Arije O, Enemo A, Sunday A, Muhammad A, Nyako HY et al. Associations between COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and the experience of violence among women and girls living with and at risk of HIV in Nigeria. Afr J AIDS Res South Afr; 2022;1–11.

  52. Govere-Hwenje S, Jarolimova J, Yan J, Khumalo A, Zondi G, Ngcobo M, et al. Willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccination among people living with HIV in a high HIV prevalence community. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Huang X, Yu M, Fu G, Lan G, Li L, Yang J, et al. Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination among people living with HIV and AIDS in China: Nationwide cross-sectional online survey. JMIR Public Heal Surveill. 2021;7:e31125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Ali HA, Hartner A-M, Echeverria-Londono S, Roth J, Li X, Abbas K et al. Vaccine equity in low and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Equity Health. 2022;21(1):82; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01678-5. Erratum in: Int J Equity Health. 2022;21(1):92.

  55. Patwary MM, Alam MA, Bardhan M, Disha AS, Haque MZ, Billah SM, et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among low- and Lower-Middle-Income countries: a Rapid systematic review and Meta-analysis. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(3):427. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Veronese N, Saccaro C, Demurtas J, Smith L, Dominguez LJ, Maggi S, et al. Prevalence of unwillingness and uncertainty to vaccinate against COVID-19 in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2021;72:101489.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang Q, Yang L, Jin H, Lin L. Vaccination against COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of acceptability and its predictors. Prev Med (Baltim). 2021;150:106694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Norhayati MN, Che Yusof R, Azman YM. Systematic review and Meta-analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:783982. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.783982.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Adebisi YA, Alaran AJ, Bolarinwa OA, Akande-Sholabi W, Lucero-Prisno DE. When it is available, will we take it? Social media users’ perception of hypothetical COVID-19 vaccine in Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2021;38:230.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kalichman SC, Shkembi B, Kalichman MO, Eaton LA. Trust in health information sources and its associations with COVID-19 disruptions to social relationships and health services among people living with HIV. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:817.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Monroe AK, Xiao J, Greenberg AE, Levy ME, Temprosa M, Resnik JB, et al. Risk of severe COVID-19 Disease and the pandemic’s impact on service utilization among a longitudinal cohort of persons with HIV-Washington, DC. AIDS Behav. 2022;26:3289–99.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Meyer D, Slone SE, Ogungbe O, Duroseau B, Farley JE. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV Healthcare Service Engagement, Treatment Adherence, and viral suppression in the United States: a systematic literature review. AIDS Behav. 2022;1–14.

Download references

Funding

ESP is funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 213589/Z/18/Z), however, the funder of this study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or the writing of the report.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, R. Basílio da Gama, s/n - Canela, Salvador, 45760-030, Bahia, Brazil

    Marcos Pereira, Caroline Tianeze de Castro, Tarcio de Almeida Oliveira, Laio Magno, Inês Dourado, Florisneide Barreto, Marcio Natividade & Erick Abade

  2. Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil

    Italo Ricardo Santos Aleluia

  3. Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Mila Silva Cunha

  4. Department of Sociology and Social Work, Faculty of Social Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

    Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah

  5. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    Enny S. Paixao

  6. Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil

    Maria Lidiany Tributino de Souza

Authors
  1. Marcos Pereira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Italo Ricardo Santos Aleluia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Caroline Tianeze de Castro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tarcio de Almeida Oliveira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mila Silva Cunha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Laio Magno
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Inês Dourado
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Florisneide Barreto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Marcio Natividade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Erick Abade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Enny S. Paixao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Maria Lidiany Tributino de Souza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

MP conceptualized the study and led the review, development of the search strategy, data screening, data quality assessment extraction and analyse, drafted the manuscript; CTC analysed and interpreted the data. TAO and MSC applied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The manuscript was reviewed for clinical content by IRSA, CTC, TAO, MSC, LM, ID, FB, MN, SCYA, EP and MLTS. The authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcos Pereira.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of Interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic Supplementary Material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary Material 1

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pereira, M., Santos Aleluia, I.R., de Castro, C.T. et al. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy among People Living with HIV: Review and Meta-Analysis. AIDS Behav (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-024-04351-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-024-04351-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation