Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Stigma, the Media, and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention: Observations for Enhancing Knowledge Translation and Resisting Stigma in the Canadian Context

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective, though sometimes stigmatized, strategy for HIV prevention. With the goal of examining how PrEP stigma can be addressed, this study examined the media’s handling of stigma related to PrEP by searching the Canadian Newsstream and Daily Xtra news databases for key terms related to PrEP. Overall, 101 media articles were thematically coded in triplicate; 36.3% of which included mentions of PrEP stigma. LGBT media sources were more likely than mainstream sources to have included content coded as relating to PrEP stigma (p = 0.02). In these articles, uncertainty regarding PrEP, and neo-liberal attitudes towards sexual responsibility were major factors associated with media discussion of PrEP stigma. We discuss the role that heuristics play in shaping lay readers perceptions and interpretation of PrEP media coverage and discuss methods for overcoming stigma using evidence-based communication strategies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Baeten JM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NR, Campbell JD, Wangisi J, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention among heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399–410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Choopanya K, Martin M, Suntharasamai P, Sangkum U, Mock PA, Leethochawalit M, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV infection in injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand (the Bangkok Tenofovir Study): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2013;381:2083–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Grant RM, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu A, Amico KR, Mehrotra M, et al. Uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis, sexual practices, and HIV incidence in men and transgender women who have sex with men: a cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:820–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. McCormack S, Dunn DT, Desai M, Dolling DI, Gafos M, Gilson R, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection (PROUD): effectiveness results from the pilot phase of a pragmatic open-label randomised trial. Lancet Lond Engl. 2016;387:53–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Fonner VA, Dalglish SL, Kennedy CE, Baggaley R, O’Reilly KR, Koechlin FM, et al. Effectiveness and safety of oral HIV preexposure prophylaxis for all populations. AIDS Lond Engl. 2016;30:1973–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Hendrix CW. Exploring concentration response in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis to optimize clinical care and trial design. Cell. 2013;155:515–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Okwundu CI, Uthman OA, Okoromah CA. Antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for preventing HIV in high-risk individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007189.pub3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Jenness SM, Sharma A, Goodreau SM, Rosenberg ES, Weiss KM, Hoover KW, et al. Individual HIV risk versus population impact of risk compensation after HIV preexposure prophylaxis initiation among men who have sex with men. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0169484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Jenness SM, Weiss KM, Goodreau SM, Gift T, Chesson H, Hoover KW, et al. Incidence of gonorrhea and chlamydia following HIV preexposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men: a modeling study. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;65(5):712–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. CBC News. Ontario to cover HIV prevention pill under public health plan [Internet]. CBC News. 2017 [cited 2017 Oct 5]. Available from: http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/hiv-prep-coverage-1.4302184.

  12. Bell N. Want insurance to cover your PrEP? Good luck. Xtra [Internet]. 2016 Feb 18 [cited 2017 Oct 5]; Available from: https://www.dailyxtra.com/want-insurance-to-cover-your-prep-good-luck-70225.

  13. Calabrese SK, Underhill K. How stigma surrounding the use of HIV preexposure prophylaxis undermines prevention and pleasure: a call to destigmatize “Truvada Whores”. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:1960–4.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Freeborn K, Portillo CJ. Does Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men (MSM) change risk behavior? A systematic review. J Clin Nurs. 2017;27:3254–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hubach RD, Currin JM, Sanders CA, Durham AR, Kavanaugh KE, Wheeler DL, et al. Barriers to access and adoption of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a relatively rural state. AIDS Educ Prev. 2017;29:315–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Herek GM, Gillis JR, Cogan JC. Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: insights from a social psychological perspective. J Couns Psychol. 2009;56:32–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Reissue ed. New York: Touchstone; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Morgan E, Ryan DT, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B. High rate of discontinuation may diminish PrEP coverage among young men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2018;22(11):3645–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Van der Elst EM, Mbogua J, Operario D, Mutua G, Kuo C, Mugo P, et al. High acceptability of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis but challenges in adherence and use: qualitative insights from a phase I trial of intermittent and daily PrEP in at-risk populations in Kenya. AIDS Behav. 2013;17:2162–72.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Douglas M. Risk acceptability according to the social sciences. London: Psychology Press; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kasperson RE, Renn O, Slovic P, Brown HS, Emel J, Goble R, et al. The social amplification of risk: a conceptual framework. Risk Anal. 1988;8:177–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Douglas M, Calvez M. The self as risk taker: a cultural theory of contagion in relation to AIDS. Sociol Rev. 1990;38:445–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Masuda JR, Garvin T. Place, culture, and the social amplification of risk. Risk Anal. 2006;26:437–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Smith R. Language of the lost: an Explication of stigma communication. Commun Theory. 2007;17:462–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Wakefield MA, Loken B, Hornik RC. Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. Lancet. 2010;376:1261–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Bala MM, Strzeszynski L, Topor-Madry R. Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004704.pub3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Mykhalovskiy E, Hastings C, Sanders C, Hayman M, Bisaillon L. Callous, cold, and deliberately duplicitous: racialization, immigration and the representation of HIV criminalization in Canadian Mainstream Newspapers. Toronto; 2016.

  28. Klin A, Lemish D. Mental disorders stigma in the media: review of studies on production, content, and influences. J Health Commun. 2008;13:434–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Benbow A. Mental illness, stigma, and the media. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(Suppl 2):31–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Dixon GN, Clarke CE. Heightening uncertainty around certain science: media coverage, false balance, and the autism-vaccine controversy. Sci Commun. 2013;35:358–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Frewer LJ, Miles S, Marsh R. The media and genetically modified foods: evidence in support of social amplification of risk. Risk Anal. 2002;22:701–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Anderson A. Media, politics and climate change: towards a new research agenda. Sociol Compass. 2009;3:166–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Renn O. The social amplification/attenuation of risk framework: application to climate change: social amplification/attenuation of risk framework. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Clim Change. 2011;2:154–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Corbett JB, Durfee JL. Testing public (Un)certainty of science: media representations of global warming. Sci Commun. 2004;26:129–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Dunwoody S, Kohl PA. Using weight-of-experts messaging to communicate accurately about contested science. Sci Commun. 2017;39:338–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Parkinson S, Jackson T, Berg K, editors. Risk, media and stigma: understanding public challenges to modern science and technology. London: Earthscan; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Bennett WL, Entman RM, editors. Mediated politics: communication in the future of democracy. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Green G. Attitudes towards people with HIV: are they as stigmatizing as people with HIV perceive them to be? Soc Sci Med. 1982;1995(41):557–68.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bernard H. In: Ryan G, editor. Analyzing qualitative data: systematic approaches. Los Angeles: Sage Publications; 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3:77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. [Internet]. 2017. http://www.R-project.org/.

  42. Clogg CC, Petkova E, Haritou A. Statistical methods for comparing regression coefficients between models. Am J Sociol. 1995;100:1261–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Associated Press. Divide over HIV prevention drug Truvada persists. USA TODAY [Internet]. 2014 Apr 6 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/04/06/gay-men-divided-over-use-of-hiv-prevention-drug/7390879/.

  44. Barsotti N. US: CDC recommends expanded use of PrEP. Xtra [Internet]. 2014 May 15 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/us-cdc-recommends-expanded-use-of-prep-60661.

  45. Christopher N. Coming out of the PrEP closet. Xtra [Internet]. 2015 Dec 1 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/coming-out-of-the-prep-closet-69540.

  46. Miksche M. Can we end the North American HIV epidemic? Xtra [Internet]. 2016 Nov 7 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/can-we-end-the-north-american-hiv-epidemic-72327.

  47. Bell N. PrEP is now approved in Canada. What happens now? Xtra [Internet]. Vancouver, Canada; 2016 Mar 2 [cited 2017 Sep 13]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/prep-is-now-approved-in-canada-what-happens-now-70344.

  48. Miksche M. Waiting in purgatory (Part 1). Xtra [Internet]. 2015 Mar 11 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/waiting-in-purgatory-part-1-66665.

  49. Miksche M. Why I had to stop taking PrEP. Xtra [Internet]. 2016 Mar 14 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/why-i-had-to-stop-taking-prep-70437.

  50. Miksche M. What the rise of the alt-right means for HIV prevention. Xtra [Internet]. 2016 Nov 21 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/what-the-rise-of-the-alt-right-means-for-hiv-prevention-72462.

  51. Cruikshank J. An ounce of prevention. Xtra [Internet]. Vancouver, Canada; 2014 Sep 25 [cited 2017 Sep 13]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/an-ounce-of-prevention-63917.

  52. Miksche M. PrEP and the birth control pill. Xtra [Internet]. 2016 Oct 11 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/prep-and-the-birth-control-pill-72142.

  53. Glenwright D. For the love of fucking [Internet]. Xtra. 2014 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/for-the-love-of-fucking-57930.

  54. Gilbert S. What they don’t want you to know about Truvada [Internet]. Xtra. 2015 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/what-they-dont-want-you-to-know-about-truvada-67669.

  55. Houston A. Concerns raised about HIV pill study. Xtra [Internet]. 2010 Nov 22 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/concerns-raised-about-hiv-pill-study-8646.

  56. Miksche M. How bareback culture has evolved since the AIDS epidemic. Xtra [Internet]. 2016 Dec 12 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/how-bareback-culture-has-evolved-since-the-aids-epidemic-72629.

  57. Miksche M. A safer way to party and play? [Internet]. Xtra. 2016 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/a-safer-way-to-party-and-play-71310.

  58. Prendergast F. If PrEP is a party drug, then cue the DJ. Xtra [Internet]. 2014 Apr 29 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/if-prep-is-a-party-drug-then-cue-the-dj-60116.

  59. Miksche M. Why the AIDS vigil should remind communities to work harder. Xtra [Internet]. 2016 Jul 1 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/why-the-aids-vigil-should-remind-communities-to-work-harder-71420.

  60. Hunter P. Party pill or drug of hope?: Increasingly, the drug Truvada is being used to prevent HIV transmission. But some fear it will encourage unsafe sex. Tor Star Tor Ont. Toronto, Ont., Canada; 2014 Nov 23;IN.1.

  61. Ren P. Can a pill prevent HIV? Xtra [Internet]. 2009 Jan 28 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/can-a-pill-prevent-hiv-13617.

  62. LGBTQ RIGHTS; Community fights stigma; Event to promote open dialogue on race, sex, HIV status, experience of young people. Chron—Her Halifax NS. Halifax, N.S., Canada; 2016 Mar 26;A6.

  63. Miksche M. Getting the facts right about PrEP, serosorting and your sexual health. Xtra [Internet]. 2016 Oct 24 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/getting-the-facts-right-about-prep-serosorting-and-your-sexual-health-72243.

  64. Ellis E. Insurer stops covering HIV prevention drug. Vanc Sun [Internet]. 2016 May 6 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. http://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/insurer-stops-covering-hiv-prevention-drug.

  65. Syms S. Got PrEP? Xtra [Internet]. 2008 Jan 30 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/got-prep-38667.

  66. Barsotti N. Almost half of gay men bareback: study. Xtra [Internet]. 2013 Jan 14 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/almost-half-of-gay-men-bareback-study-1568.

  67. McCann M. Canadians already on PrEP while drug sits in regulatory limbo. Xtra [Internet]. 2014 Feb 7 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/canadians-already-on-prep-while-drug-sits-in-regulatory-limbo-57946.

  68. Christopher N. US approves drug to prevent HIV infection. Xtra [Internet]. 2012 Jul 19 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. https://www.dailyxtra.com/us-approves-drug-to-prevent-hiv-infection-3110.

  69. Lecheler S, de Vreese CH. News framing and public opinion: a mediation analysis of framing effects on political attitudes. J Mass Commun Q. 2012;89:185–204.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Gunther AC, Christen CT. Effects of news slant and base rate information on perceived public opinion. Journal Mass Commun Q. 1999;76:277–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Deconstructing Hanitzsch T, Culture Journalism. Toward a universal theory. Commun Theory. 2007;17:367–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Betton V, Borschmann R, Docherty M, Coleman S, Brown M, Henderson C. The role of social media in reducing stigma and discrimination. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci. 2015;206:443–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Flint SW, Nobles J, Gately P, Sahota P. Weight stigma and discrimination: a call to the media. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6:169–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Birch P, Ozanne R, Ireland J. Examining the portrayal of homophobic and non-homophobic aggression in print media through an integrated grounded behavioural linguistic inquiry (IGBLI) approach. J Forensic Pract. 2017;19:239–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Venzo P, Hess K. “Honk against homophobia”: rethinking relations between media and sexual minorities. J Homosex. 2013;60:1539–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hutchinson PL, Mahlalela X, Yukich J. Mass media, stigma, and disclosure of HIV test results: multilevel analysis in the Eastern Cape. South Africa. AIDS Educ Prev. 2007;19:489–510.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Schwartz J, Grimm J. Uncertainty in online U.S. news coverage of Truvada. Health Commun. 2016;31:1250–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Duran D. Truvada Whores? [Internet]. Huffington Post. 2012 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-duran/truvada-whores_b_2113588.html.

  79. Cadelago C, White JB. Spending big on sex and drug initiatives, AIDS activist Michael Weinstein says he ‘can’t lose.’ Sacram Bee [Internet]. 2016 Oct 10 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article107156677.html.

  80. Waddell C, Lomas J, Lavis JN, Abelson J, Shepherd CA, Bird-Gayson T. Joining the conversation: newspaper journalists’ views on working with researchers. Healthc Policy. 2005;1:123–39.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  81. Guenther L, Bischoff J, Löwe A, Marzinkowski H, Voigt M. Scientific evidence and science journalism. J Stud. 2017;1:20. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2017.1353432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Soroka S, Lawlor A, Farnsworth S, Young L. Mass media and policymaking. Routledge Handb Public Policy Process. London: Routledge; 2013. p. 204–14.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Scheufele DA. Framing Effects. Int Encycl Commun [Internet]. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2008 [cited 2017 Oct 5]. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecf039.pub2/abstract.

  84. Smith K. Beyond evidence based policy in public health: the interplay of ideas. New York: Springer; 2013.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  85. Thomm E, Bromme R. “It should at least seem scientific!” Textual features of “scientificness” and their impact on lay assessments of online information. Sci Educ. 2012;96:187–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Koehler DJ. Can journalistic “false balance” distort public perception of consensus in expert opinion? J Exp Psychol Appl. 2016;22:24–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Clarke CE, Weberling McKeever B, Holton A, Dixon GN. The influence of weight-of-evidence messages on (vaccine) attitudes: a sequential mediation model. J Health Commun. 2015;20:1302–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Clarke CE, Dixon GN, Holton A, McKeever BW. Including “evidentiary balance” in news media coverage of vaccine risk. Health Commun. 2015;30:461–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Jensen JD. Scientific uncertainty in news coverage of cancer research: effects of hedging on scientists’ and journalists’ credibility. Hum Commun Res. 2008;34:347–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Dixon GN, McKeever BW, Holton AE, Clarke C, Eosco G. The power of a picture: overcoming scientific misinformation by communicating weight-of-evidence information with visual exemplars. J Commun. 2015;65:639–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Peters HP. Gap between science and media revisited: scientists as public communicators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:14102–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Salas S. Beca I [Mass media communication of biomedical advances]. Rev Med Chil. 2008;136:1348–52.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Guidotti TL. Evaluation of scientific evidence in law, adjudication and policy: when occupational health takes the witness chair. Med Lav. 2006;97:167–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Gamble T, Hosseinipour MC, Kumarasamy N, et al. Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:493–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Rodger AJ, Cambiano V, Bruun T, Vernazza P, Collins S, van Lunzen J, et al. Sexual activity without condoms and risk of HIV transmission in serodifferent couples when the HIV-positive partner is using suppressive antiretroviral therapy. JAMA. 2016;316:171–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. GildeZúñiga H. Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. J Comp-Med Commun. 2012;17:319–36.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kwak H, Lee C, Park H, Moon S. What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media? Proc 19th Int Conf World Wide Web [Internet]. New York, NY, USA: ACM; 2010 [cited 2017 Sep 14]. p. 591–600. http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1772690.1772751.

  98. Lee CS, Ma L. News sharing in social media: the effect of gratifications and prior experience. Comput Hum Behav. 2012;28:331–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

KGC is supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research Health Systems Impact Fellowship award, a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Trainee award, and a Canadian HIV Trials Network/Canadian Foundation for AIDS Research Postdoctoral Fellowship award. NJL is supported by a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Scholar award.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada

    Kiffer G. Card & Nathan J. Lachowsky

  2. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Blake W. Hawkins, Leili Mortazavi, Aidan Gregory & Keng Hon Ng

  3. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Victoria, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada

    Kiffer G. Card

Authors
  1. Kiffer G. Card
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Blake W. Hawkins
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Leili Mortazavi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Aidan Gregory
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Keng Hon Ng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Nathan J. Lachowsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kiffer G. Card.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Card, K.G., Hawkins, B.W., Mortazavi, L. et al. Stigma, the Media, and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention: Observations for Enhancing Knowledge Translation and Resisting Stigma in the Canadian Context. AIDS Behav 23, 1877–1887 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2332-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2332-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation