Abstract
Migrants have been identified as being at greater risk for late HIV testing and diagnosis. Late diagnosis is of concern because timely diagnosis and initiation of treatment can both optimise health outcomes and reduce transmission. We reviewed and evaluated interventions that aimed to increase HIV testing uptake in migrant populations. Of 6511 papers retrieved, 10 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Three types of interventions were identified (exposure to HIV prevention messages, HIV education programs, and direct offer of testing). All interventions were based on individual models of behaviour change targeting migrants or GPs. While important, interventions that also address broader health system and structural factors that contribute to late HIV-diagnosis in at-risk members of migrant populations are needed. Integrating PITC into existing primary healthcare settings shows promise of creating an enabling environment within patient-doctor relationships that can encourage HIV testing uptake among migrant populations.
Resumen
Los inmigrantes tienen mayor riesgo de ser diagnosticados tardíamente con VIH. Esto preocupa ya que un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos permiten reducir la transmisión de la enfermedad y optimizar su manejo. Revisamos y evaluamos intervenciones encaminadas a aumentar el uso de las pruebas de detección del VIH en poblaciones de inmigrantes. De los 6511 artículos recuperados, 10 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se identificaron tres tipos de intervenciones dirigidas a inmigrantes o Médicos Generales basadas en modelos individuales de cambio comportamental: exposición a mensajes de prevención, programas educativos y oferta de la prueba de detección. Es necesario intervenir factores estructurales y del sistema de salud que retrasan el diagnóstico del VIH en inmigrantes con riesgo. Integrar los servicios de detección y consejería (PITC en inglés) a los centros de atención primaria en salud es una forma propicia de fomentar la utilización de pruebas de detección en poblaciones de inmigrantes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
United Nations Population Fund. Migration. 2015. http://www.unfpa.org/migration. Accessed 1 Feb 2016.
Affairs, U.N.D.o.E.a.S.. International migration report 2015: highlights. 2016.
International Organisation for Migration. Key migration terms. 2015. http://www.iom.int/key-migration-terms. Accessed 1 Feb 2016.
Vang Z, et al. The healthy immigrant effect in Canada: a systematic review. Popul Chang Lifecourse Strateg Knowl Clust Discuss Pap Ser. 2015;3(1):4.
Fennelly K. The “healthy migrant” effect. Minn Med. 2007;90(3):51–3.
Hernando V, et al. HIV infection in migrant populations in the European Union and European Economic Area in 2007-2012: an epidemic on the move. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70(2):204–11.
Control, E.C.f.D.P.a. Migrant health: sexual transmission of HIV within migrant groups in the EU/EEA and implications for effective interventions. Stockholm: ECDC; 2013.
Europe, E.C.f.D.P.a.C.W.R.O.f. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2015. Stockholm: ECDC; 2016.
Loos, J., et al. Heightened vulnerability places sub-Saharan migrants at risk for HIV infection: results of a community-based sero-prevalence and behavioral study. 2015 [cited 2017 28 February]. http://www.aidsimpact.com/2015/Academics/Programme/abstract/?id=2113.
Institute K. HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia—Annual Surveillance Report 2016. Sydney: The Kirby Institute, UNSW; 2016.
Kramer MA, et al. Migrants travelling to their country of origin: a bridge population for HIV transmission? Sex Transm Infect. 2008;84(7):554–5.
UNAIDS. The gap report: migrants. 2014 [cited 2016 07 June]. http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/04_Migrants.pdf. Accessed 16 Oct 2014.
Alvarez-del Arco D, et al. HIV testing and counselling for migrant populations living in high-income countries: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(6):1039–45.
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: HIV diagnosis, care, and treatment among persons living with HIV—United States, 2011. 2014 [cited 2016 21 June]. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6347a5.htm.
Blondell SJ, et al. Barriers and facilitators to HIV testing in migrants in high-income countries: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(11):2012–24.
Marks G, et al. Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39(4):446–53.
UNAIDS. 90–90–90—An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2014.
Gil-González D, et al. Is health a right for all? An umbrella review of the barriers to health care access faced by migrants. Ethn Health. 2015;20(5):523–41.
Stanciole AE, Huber M. Access to health care for migrants, ethnic minorities, and asylum seekers in Europe. Vienna: European Centre; 2009.
Norredam M. Migrants’ access to healthcare. Dan Med Bull. 2011;58(10):B4339.
Bradby, H., et al. WHO health evidence network synthesis reports, in public health aspects of migrant health: a review of the evidence on health status for refugees and asylum seekers in the European Region. WHO Regional Office for Europe Copyright (c) World Health Organization. Copenhagen. 2015.
Keygnaert I, et al. Sexual and reproductive health of migrants: does the EU care? Health Policy. 2014;114(2–3):215–25.
Riccardo F, et al. Towards a European framework to monitor infectious diseases among migrant populations: design and applicability. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(9):11640–61.
Hoyos, J., et al. Never tested for HIV in Latin-American migrants and Spaniards: prevalence and perceived barriers. 2013.
Manirankunda L, et al. “It’s better not to know”: perceived barriers to HIV voluntary counseling and testing among sub-Saharan African migrants in Belgium. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009;21(6):582–93.
Groves M, Mundt K. Friend or foe? Google translate in language for academic purposes. Engl Specif Purp. 2015;37:112–21.
Google. How Google search works. 2017 [cited 2017 08 May]. https://support.google.com/webmasters/answer/70897?hl=en.
Kali A, Srirangaraj S. EndNote as document manager for summative assessment. J Postgrad Med. 2016;62(2):124.
Weine SM, Kashuba AB. Labor migration and HIV risk: a systematic review of the literature. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(6):1605–21.
Mayer K, Pizer HF, Venkatesh KK. The social ecology of HIV/AIDS. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92(6):1363–75.
Hoy D, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(9):934–9.
Cerimele JM, et al. The prevalence of bipolar disorder in general primary care samples: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2014;36(1):19–25.
Macaulay S, Dunger DB, Norris SA. Gestational diabetes mellitus in Africa: a systematic review. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e97871.
McMahon T, et al. Evaluation of an ethnic media campaign on patterns of HIV testing among people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds in Australia. Sex Health. 2004;1(2):91–4.
Olshefsky AM, et al. Promoting HIV risk awareness and testing in Latinos living on the U.S.-Mexico Border: the tú no me conoces social marketing campaign. AIDS Educ Prev. 2007;19(5):422–35.
Martinez-Donate AP, et al. HIV prevention among Mexican migrants at different migration phases: exposure to prevention messages and association with testing behaviors. AIDS Educ Prev. 2015;27(6):547–65.
Raj A, et al. Is a general women’s health promotion program as effective as an HIV-intensive prevention program in reducing HIV risk among Hispanic women? Public Health Rep. 2001;116(6):599–607.
Rhodes SD, et al. Outcomes from a community-based, participatory lay health adviser HIV/STD prevention intervention for recently arrived immigrant Latino men in rural North Carolina. AIDS Educ Prev. 2009;21(Suppl B):103–8.
Rhodes SD, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a culturally congruent intervention to increase condom use and HIV testing among heterosexually active immigrant Latino men. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(8):1764–75.
Seña AC, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of door-to-door rapid HIV testing among latino immigrants and their HIV risk factors in North Carolina. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2010;24(3):165–73.
Loos J, et al. HIV testing in primary care: feasibility and acceptability of provider initiated HIV testing and counseling for sub-Saharan African migrants. AIDS Educ Prev. 2014;26(1):81–93.
O’Laughlin KN, et al. Clinic-based routine voluntary HIV testing in a refugee settlement in Uganda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(4):409–13.
Ramos RL, et al. Pasa la voz (spread the word): using women’s social networks for HIV education and testing. Public Health Rep. 2010;125(4):528–33.
LaCroix JM, et al. Effectiveness of mass media interventions for HIV prevention, 1986-2013: a meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;66(Suppl 3):S329–40.
World Health Organisation. Service delivery appraoches to HIV testing and counselling (HTC): a strategy HTC policy framework. Geneva: World Health Organisation; 2012.
Branson BM, et al. Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health care settings. 2006 [cited 2016 30 June]. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5514a1.htm.
Britich HIV Association, British Assocation for Sexual Health and HIV, B.I. Society. UK national guidelines for HIV testing, 2008. 2008 [cited 2016 30 June]. http://www.bhiva.org/documents/guidelines/testing/glineshivtest08.pdf.
De Boni R, Veloso VG, Grinsztejn B. Epidemiology of HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014;9(2):192–8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV among Hispanics/Latinos. 2015 [cited 2016 1 July]. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/racialethnic/hispaniclatinos/.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in undertaking this review.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or humans performed by any of the authors.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Aung, E., Blondell, S.J. & Durham, J. Interventions for Increasing HIV Testing Uptake in Migrants: A Systematic Review of Evidence. AIDS Behav 21, 2844–2859 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1833-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1833-3