Abstract
The rate of mass transfer is among the key numbers determining the efficiency of nanoporous materials in their use for matter upgrading by heterogeneous catalysis or mass separation. Transport enhancement by pore space optimization is, correspondingly, among the main strategies of efficiency promotion. Any such activity involves probing and testing of the appropriate routes of material synthesis and post-synthesis modification just as the exploration of the transport characteristics of the generated material. Modelling and molecular simulation is known to serve as a most helpful tool for correlating these two types of activities and their results. The present paper reports about a concerted research activity comprising these three types of activities. Recent progress in producing pore space replicas enabled focusing, in these studies, on “complementary” pore spaces, i.e. on pairs of material, where the pore space of one sample did just coincide with the solid space of the other. We report about the correlations in mass transfer as observable, in this type of material, by pulsed field gradient NMR diffusion studies, with reference to the prediction as resulting from a quite general, theoretical treatment of mass transfer in complementary pore spaces.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Auerbach, S.M., Carrado, K.A., Dutta, P.K. (eds.): Handbook of Zeolite Science and Technology. CRC Press, New York (2003)
Bunde, A., Havlin, S.: Fractals and Disordered Systems. Springer, Berlin (1996)
Cahn, J.W.: Phase separation by spinodal decomposition in isotropic systems. J. Chem. Phys. 42, 93 (1965)
Callaghan, P.T.: Translational dynamics and magnetic resonance. Oxford University Press, Oxford (2011)
Cejka, J., Corma, A., Zones, S. (eds.): Zeolites and Catalysis: Synthesis, Reactions and Applications. Wiley, Weinheim (2010)
Chmelik, C., Kärger, J.: In-situ study on molecular diffusion phenomena in nanoporous catalytic solids. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 4864–4884 (2010)
Chmelik, C., Bux, H., Caro, J., Heinke, L., Hibbe, F., Titze, T., Kärger, J.: Mass transfer in a nanoscale material enhanced by an opposing flux. Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 85902 (2010)
Chmelik, C., Enke, D., Galvosas, P., Gobin, O.C., Jentys, A., Jobic, H., Kärger, J., Krause, C., Kullmann, J., Lercher, J.A., Naumov, S., Ruthven, D.M., Titze, T.: Nanoporous glass as a model system for a consistency check of the different techniques of diffusion measurement. ChemPhysChem 12, 1130–1134 (2011)
Choi, M., Cho, H.S., Srivastava, R., Venkatesan, C., Choi, D.H., Ryoo, R.: Amphiphilic organosilane-directed synthesis of crystalline zeolite with tunable mesoporosity. Nat. Mater. 5, 718–723 (2006)
Coppens, M.O.: Nature Inspired Chemical Engineering (Inaugural Lecture). Delft University Press, Delft (2003)
Coppens, M.-O., Froment, G.F.: The effectiveness of mass fractal catalysts. Fractals 5, 493–505 (1997)
Cotts, R.M., Hoch, M.J.R., Sun, T., Markert, J.T.: Pulsed field gradient stimulated echo methods for improved NMR diffusion measurements in heterogeneous systems. J. Magn. Reson. 83, 252–266 (1989)
Cussler, E.L.: Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2009)
Enke, D., Janowski, F., Schwieger, W.: Porous glasses in the 21st century—a short review. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 60, 19–30 (2003)
Feil, F., Naumov, S., Michaelis, J., Valiullin, R., Enke, D., Kärger, J., Bräuchle, C.: Single-particle and ensemble diffusivities—test of ergodicity. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 51, 1152–1155 (2012)
Galarneau, A., Iapichella, J., Bonhomme, K., Di Renzo, F., Kooyman, P., Terasaki, O., Fajula, F.: Controlling the morphology of mesostructured silicas by pseudomorphic transformation: a route towards applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 16, 1657–1667 (2006)
Galvosas, P., Stallmach, F., Seiffert, G., Kärger, J., Kaess, U., Majer, G.: Generation and application of ultra-high-intensity magnetic field gradient pulses for NMR spectroscopy. J. Magn. Reson. 151, 260–268 (2001)
Hartmann, S., Brandhuber, D., Hüsing, N.: Glycol-modified silanes: novel possibilities for the synthesis of hierarchically organized (hybrid) porous materials. Acc. Chem. Res. 40, 885–894 (2007)
Heitjans, P., Kärger, J. (eds.): Diffusion in Condensed Matter: Methods, Materials, Models. Springer, Berlin (2005)
Inayat, A., Reinhardt, B., Uhlig, H., Einicke, W.-D., Enke, D.: Silica monoliths with hierarchical porosity obtained from porous glasses. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 3753 (2013)
Ivanova, I.I., Knyazeva, E.E.: Micro–mesoporous materials obtained by zeolite recrystallization: synthesis, characterization and catalytic applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 3671 (2013)
Janowski, F., Enke, D.: Porous Glasses. In: Schüth, F., Sing, K.S.W., Weitkamp, J. (eds.) Handbook of Porous Solids, vol. 4, pp. 1432–1542. Wiley, Weinheim (2002)
Jian, K., Truong, T.C., Hoffman, W.P., Hurt, R.H.: Mesoporous carbons with self-assembled surfaces of defined crystal orientation. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 108, 143–151 (2008)
Jobic, H., Theodorou, D.: Quasi-elastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulations as complementary techniques for studying diffusion in zeolites. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 102, 21–50 (2007)
Kainourgiakis, M.E., Kikkinides, E.S., Stubos, A.K., Kanellopoulos, N.K.: Simulation of self-diffusion of point-like and finite-size tracers in stochastically reconstructed Vycor porous glasses. J. Chem. Phys. 111, 2735 (1999)
Kärger, J.: Transport phenomena in nanoporous materials. ChemPhysChem 16, 24–51 (2015)
Kärger, J., Heink, W.: The propagator representation of molecular transport in microporous crystallites. J. Magn. Reson. 51, 1–7 (1983)
Kärger, J., Kocirik, M., Zikanova, A.: Molecular-transport through assemblages of microporous particles. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 84, 240–249 (1981)
Kärger, J., Ruthven, D.M., Theodorou, D.N.: Diffusion in Nanoporous Materials. Wiley, Weinheim (2012)
Kärger, J., Binder, T., Chmelik, C., Hibbe, F., Krautscheid, H., Krishna, R., Weitkamp, J.: Microimaging of transient guest profiles to monitor mass transfer in nanoporous materials. Nat. Mater. 13, 333–343 (2014)
Kondrashova, D., Valiullin, R.: Freezing and melting transitions under mesoscalic confinement: application of the kossel-stranski crystal-growth model. J. Phys. Chem. C. 119, 4312–4323 (2015)
Lei, Q., Zhao, T., Li, F., Zhang, L., Wang, Y.: Catalytic cracking of large molecules over hierarchical zeolites. Chem. Commun. 16, 1769 (2006)
Levitz, P.: Off-lattice reconstruction of porous media: critical evaluation, geometrical confinement and molecular transport. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 76–77, 71–106 (1998)
Marsh, H., Rodríguez-Reinoso, F.: Activated Carbon. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2006)
Mitchell, S., Pinar, A.B., Kenvin, J., Crivelli, P., Kärger, J., Pérez Ramírez, J.: Elucidating the crystal, pore, and active site structure in hierarchically-organized zeolites: state-of-the-art and beyond. Nat. Commun. (2015). doi:10.1038/ncomms9633
Möller, K.P., Bein, T.: Mesoporosity—a new dimension for zeolites. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 3689 (2013)
Monette, L., Grest, G.S., Anderson, M.P.: 3-dimensional Ising system with long-range interactions—a computer model of Vycor glass. Phys. Rev. E 50, 3361 (1994)
Na, K., Choi, M., Ryoo, R.: Recent advances in the synthesis of hierarchically nanoporous zeolites. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 166, 3–19 (2013)
Nakanishi, K.: Pore structure control of silica gels based on phase separation. J. Porous. Mater. 4, 67 (1997)
Prigogine, I.: The End of Certainty. The Free Press, New York (1997)
Reinhardt, B., Enke, D., Syrowatka, F., Nakanishi, K.: Preparation of porous, hierarchically organized glass monoliths via combination of sintering and phase separation. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 95, 461–465 (2012)
Schmidt, F., Paasch, S., Brunner, E., Kaskel, S.: Carbon templated SAPO-34 with improved adsorption kinetics and catalytic performance in the MTO-reaction. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 164, 214–221 (2012)
Schneider, D., Kondrashova, D., Valiullin, R., Bunde, A., Kärger, J.: Mesopore-promoted transport in microporous materials. Chem. Ing. Tech. 87, 1794–1809 (2015)
Shakhov, A., Reichenbach, C., Kondrashova, D., Zeigermann, P., Mehlhorn, D., Enke, D., Valiullin, R.: Exploring internal structure of nanoporous glasses obtained by leaching of phase-separated alkali borosilicate glasses. Chem. Ing. Tech. 85, 1734–1741 (2013)
Stallmach, F., Galvosas, P.: Spin echo NMR diffusion studies. Annu. Rep. NMR Spectrosc. 61, 51–131 (2007)
Stallmach, F., Kärger, J.: The potentials of pulsed field gradient nmr for investigation of porous media. Adsorption 5, 117–133 (1999)
Stoltenberg, D., Seidel-Morgenstern, A., Enke, D.: Mesoporöse glasmembranen als modellsysteme zur untersuchung der gasdiffusion durch poröse medien. Chem. Ing. Tech. 82, 829–835 (2010)
Studt, F., Sharafutdinov, I., Abild-Pedersen, F., Elkjær, C.F., Hummelshøj, J.S., Dahl, S., Chorkendorff, I., Nørskov, J.K.: Discovery of a Ni-Ga catalyst for carbon dioxide reduction to methanol. Nat. Chem. 6, 320–324 (2014)
Su, B.L., Sanchez, C., Yang, X.Y. (eds.): Hierarchically Structured Porous Materials. Wiley, Weinheim (2012)
Titze, T., Chmelik, C., Kullmann, J., Prager, L., Miersemann, E., Gläser, R., Enke, D., Weitkamp, J., Kärger, J.: Microimaging of transient concentration profiles of reactant and product molecules during catalytic conversion in nanoporous materials. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 5060–5064 (2015)
Trogadas, P., Nigra, M., Coppens, M.-O.: Nature-inspired optimisation of hierarchical porous media for catalytic and separation processes. New J. Chem. (2016). doi:10.1039/c5nj03406j
Valiullin, R.: Diffusion in nanoporous host systems. Annu. Rep. NMR Spectrosc. 79, 23–72 (2013)
Valiullin, R., Kortunov, P., Kärger, J., Timoshenko, V.: Concentration-dependent self-diffusion of liquids in nanopores: a nuclear magnetic resonance study. J. Chem. Phys. 120, 11804–11814 (2004)
Valiullin, R., Kärger, J., Gläser, R.: Correlating phase behaviour and diffusion in mesopores: perspectives revealed by pulsed field gradient NMR. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 11, 2833–2853 (2009)
Verboekend, D., Mitchell, S., Pérez-Ramírez, J.: Hierarchical zeolites overcome all obstacles: next stop industrial implementation. CHIMIA Int. J. Chem. 67, 327–332 (2013)
Acknowledgement
Financial support by the DFG (BU 534/22, KA 953/30) and by “Fonds der Chemischen Industrie” is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mehlhorn, D., Kondrashova, D., Küster, C. et al. Diffusion in complementary pore spaces. Adsorption 22, 879–890 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-016-9792-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-016-9792-y