Abstract
A review of literature from the past 30 years establishes psychological distress as both a longstanding and current issue affecting university students worldwide. Poorer academic outcomes and problematic health behaviours are linked to students’ distress, and these wider implications also highlight the need for appropriate policies and services to support students during what is clearly a challenging time. Further review identified various socio-demographic, situational and academic factors as potential bases of students’ distress. Undoubtedly, the demands of the university lifestyle are inherently stressful; yet experiencing these as distressing is not inevitable. Rather, a review of links between university students’ psychological attributes and psychological distress indicates such attributes might be ideal points of intervention to ensure students are best equipped to manage the stressors of university, and greater attention in this area is recommended.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adewuya, A., Ola, B., Aloba, O., Mapayi, B., & Oginni, O. (2006). Depression amongst Nigerian university students: prevalence and sociodemographic correlates. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(8), 674–678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0068-9
Adlaf, E., Gliksman, L., Demers, A., & Newton-Taylor, B. (2001). The prevalence of elevated psychological distress among Canadian undergraduates: findings from the 1998 Canadian campus survey. Journal of American College Health, 50(2), 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480109596009
American College Health Association (2005). National College Health Assessment- Reference Group Data Report. Fall, 2005: American College Health Association. Retrieved from http://www.acha-ncha.org/docs/ACHANCHA_Reference_Group_Report_Fall2005.pdf.
American College Health Association (2010). National College Health Assessment II- Reference Group Data Report. Spring, 2010: American College Health Association. Retrieved from http://www.acha-ncha.org/docs/ACHA-NCHA-II_ReferenceGroup_DataReport_Spring2010.pdf.
American College Health Association (2014). National College Health Assessment II- Reference Group Data Report. Spring, 2014: American College Health Association. Retrieved from http://www.acha-ncha.org/docs/ACHA-NCHA-II_ReferenceGroup_DataReport_Spring2014.pdf.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Andrews, B., & Wilding, J. (2004). The relation of depression and anxiety to life-stress and achievement in students. British Journal of Psychology, 95, 509–521. https://doi.org/10.1348/0007126042369802
Ashton, C. H., & Kamali, F. (1995). Personality, lifestyles, alcohol and drug consumption in a sample of British medical students. Medical Education, 29, 187–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1995.tb02828.x
Bayram, N., & Bilgel, N. (2008). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlations of depression, anxiety and stress among a group of university students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(8), 667–672. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0345-x
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
Benton, S., Robertson, J., Wen-Chih, T., Newton, F., & Benton, S. (2003). Changes in counseling center client problems across 13 years. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 34(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735
Bertocci, D., Hirsch, E., Sommer, W., & Williams, A. (1992). Student mental health needs: survey results and implications for service. Journal of American College Health, 41(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.1992.9936300
Bewick, B., Gill, J., Mulhern, B., Barkham, M., & Hill, A. (2008). Using electronic surveying to assess psychological distress within the UK university student population: a multisite pilot investigation. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 4, 1–5 Retrieved from http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/51365
Bewick, B., Koutsopouloub, G., Miles, J., Slaa, E., & Barkha, M. (2010). Changes in undergraduate students’ psychological well-being as they progress through university. Studies in Higher Education, 35(6), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075070903216643
Bíró, É., Balajti, I., Ádány, R., & Kósa, K. (2010). Determinants of mental well-being in medical students. The International Journal for Research in Social and Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health Services, 45(2), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0062-0
Briere, J. (1995). Trauma symptom inventory: Professional manual. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Burris, J., Brechting, E., Salsman, J., & Carlson, C. (2009). Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 536–544. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.5.536-544
Byrd, D., & McKinney, K. (2012). Individual, interpersonal, and institutional level factors associated with the mental health of college students. Journal of American College Health, 60(3), 185. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.584334
Carson, A., Dias, S., Johnston, A., McLoughlin, M., O'Connor, M., Robinson, B., . . . Wojcik, W. (2000). Mental health in medical students. A case control study using the 60 item general health questionnaire. Scottish Medical Journal, 45(4), 115–116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/003693300004500406.
Chen, L., Wang, L., Qiu, X., Yang, X., Qiao, Z., Yan Yang, Y., & Liang, Y. (2013). Depression among Chinese university students: Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates. PLoS ONE, 8(3), e58379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058379
Cochran, C., & Hale, W. (1985). College student norms on the brief symptom inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41(6), 777–779. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4679(198511)41:6
Connell, J. & Barkham, M. (2007). CORE-10 user manual, version 1.1. CORE System Trust and CORE Information Management Systems Ltd.
Cooke, R., Bewick, B., Barkham, M., Bradley, M., & Audin, K. (2006). Measuring, monitoring and managing the psychological well-being of first year university students. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 34(4), 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600942624
Cornish, J., Kominars, K., Riva, M., McIntosh, S., & Henderson, M. (2000). Perceived distress in university counseling center clients across a six-year period. Journal of College Student Development, 41, 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.34.1.66
Cranford, J., Eisenberg, D., & Serras, A. (2009). Substance use behaviors, mental health problems, and use of mental health services in a probability sample of college students. Addictive Behaviors, 34(2), 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.09.004
Crown, S., & Crisp, A. (1966). A short clinical diagnostic self-rating scale for psychoneurotic patients. The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ). British Journal of Psychiatry, 112(490), 917–923. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.112.490.917
Cvetkovski, S., Reavley, N., & Jorm, A. (2012). The prevalence and correlates of psychological distress in Australian tertiary students compared to their community peers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 46(5), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867411435290
Derogatis, L. (1983). Administration, scoring, and procedures manual-II for the SCL-90-R. Towson: Clinical Psychometric Research.
Derogatis, L. (1987). The Derogatis stress profile DSP: Quantification of psychological stress. In G. Fava & T. Wise (Eds.), Research paradigms in psychosomatic medicine (pp. 30–54). Basel: Karger.
Derogatis, L. (1993). Brief symptoms inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring and procedures manual (3rd ed.). Minneapolis: National Computer Systems Pearson, Inc..
Derogatis, L., & Spencer, M. (1982). The brief symptom inventory (BSI) administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Clinical Psychometrics Research Unit.
Dixon, S., & Kurpius, S. (2008). Depression and college stress among university undergraduates: do mattering and self-esteem make a difference? Journal of College Student Development, 49(5), 412–424 Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/docview/195183200?accountid=14205
Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S., Golberstein, E., & Hefner, J. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77, 534–542. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.534
Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Hunt, J. (2009). Mental health and academic success in college. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 9(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-1682.2191
Erdur-Baker, O., Aberson, C., Barrow, J., & Draper, M. (2006). Nature and severity of college students’ psychological concerns: a comparison of clinical and nonclinical national samples. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37(3), 317–323. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.37.3.317
Evans, C., Connell, J., Audin, K., Sinclair, A., & Barkham, M. (2005). Rationale and development of a general population well-being measure: psychometric status of the GP-CORE in a student sample. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 33(2), 153–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880500132581
Faulkner, S., Hendry, L. B., Roderique, L., & Thomson, R. (2006). A preliminary study of the attitudes, triggers and consequences of hazardous drinking in university students. Health Education Journal, 65(2), 159–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/001789690606500206
Fisher, S., & Hood, B. (1987). The stress of the transition to university: a longitudinal study of psychological disturbance, absent-mindedness and vulnerability to homesickness. British Journal of Psychology, 78(4), 425–441. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1987.tb02260.x
Flynn, H. (2000). Comparison of cross-sectional and daily reports in studying the relationship between depression and use of alcohol in response to stress in college students. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(1), 48–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2000.tb04552.x
Gallagher, R. P. (2002). National survey of counseling center directors. Arlington: International Association of Counseling Services, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.collegecounseling.org/.
Gallagher, R. P. (2014). National survey of counseling center directors. Arlington: International Association of Counseling Services, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.collegecounseling.org/wp-content/uploads/NCCCS2014_v2.pdf.
Garlow, S. J., Rosenberg, J., Moore, J. D., Haas, A. P., Koestner, B., Hendin, H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2008). Depression, desperation, and suicidal ideation in college students: results from the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention College screening project at Emory University. Depression and Anxiety, 25(6), 482–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20321
Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1991). A User’s guide to the general health questionnaire. Windsor: NFER-Nelson.
Gollust, S., Eisenberg, D., & Golberstein, E. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of self-injury among university students. Journal of American College Health, 56(5), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.5.491-498
Gunn, J. E., Grieve, F. G., Greer, R. M., & Thomas, A. (2005). Comparison of symptom severity between clients at a university counseling center and a community mental health agency. College Student Affairs Journal, 25, 76–84.
Halamandaris, K., & Power, K. (1997). Individual differences, dysfunctional attitudes, and social support: a study of the psychosocial adjustment to university life of home students. Personality and Individual Differences, 22(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00172-X
Heiligenstein, E., Guenther, G., Hsu, K., & Herman, K. (1996). Depression and academic impairment in college students. Journal of American College Health, 45(2), 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.1996.9936863
Helmers, K. F., Danoff, D., Steiner, Y., Leyton, M., & Young, S. N. (1997). Stress and depressed mood in medical students, law students and graduate students at McGill University. Academic Medicine, 72, 708–714. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/1997/08000/Stress_and_depressed_mood_in_medical_students,_law.18.aspx.
Johnson, R. W., Ellison, R. A., & Heikkinen, C. A. (1989). Psychological symptoms of counseling center clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 110–114. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.36.1.110
Kessler, R. C., Barker, P. R., Colpe, L. J., Epstein, J. F., Gfroerer, J. C., Hiripi, E., et al. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.184
Kohn, P., Lafreniere, K., & Gurevhich, M. (1990). The inventory of college student’s recent life experiences: a decontaminated hassles scale for a special population. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 619–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844738
Lambert, M. J., Burlingame, G. M., Umphress, V., Hansen, N. B., Vermeersch, D. A., Clouse, G. C., & Yanchar, S. C. (1996). The reliability and validity of the outcome questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 3(4), 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199612)3:4<249::AID-CPP106>3.0.CO;2-S
Larcombe, W. & Fethers, K. (2013). Schooling the blues? An investigation of factors associated with psychological distress among law students. UNSW Law Journal, 36(2), 390-436. http://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/2_larcombe_fethers_unswlj_362.pdf.
Larcombe, W., Finch, S., Sore, R., M. Murray, C., Kentish, S., Mulder, R., Lee-Stecum, P., Baik, C., Tokatlidis O., & Williams, D. (2016). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological distress among students at an Australian university. Studies in Higher Education, 41(6), 1074–1091. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2014.966072.
Leahy, C. M., Peterson, R. F., Wilson, I. G., Newbury, J. W., Tonkin, A. L., & Turnbull, D. (2010). Distress levels and self-reported treatment rates for medicine, law, psychology and mechanical engineering tertiary students: cross-sectional study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(7), 608–615. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048671003649052
Lento-Zwolinski, J. (2007). College students’ self-report of psychosocial factors in reactive forms of relational and physical aggression. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 24(3), 407–42, 407-421. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407507077229
Leplege, A., Ecosse, E., Verdier, A., & Perneger, T. V. (1998). The French SF-36 health survey: translation, cultural adaptation and preliminary psychometric evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 51, 1013–1023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00093-6
Lindsey, B., Fabiano, P., & Stark, C. (2009). The prevalence and correlates of depression among college students. College Student Journal, 43(4), 999–1014 https://www.questia.com/library/p1917/college-student-journal
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia.
Magid, V., Colder, C., Stroud, L., Nichter, M., & Nichter, M. (2009). Negative affect, stress, and smoking in college students: unique associations independent of alcohol and marijuana use. Addictive Behaviors, 34(11), 973–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.05.007
Mathers, N., Shipton, G., & Shapiro, D. (1993). The impact of short-term counselling on general health questionnaire scores. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 21(3), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889308258686
McCullough, L., & Farrell, A. D. (1983). The computerized assessment for psychotherapy evaluation and research. [CASPER computer software]. New York: Beth Israel Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry.
McDermott, R. C., Cheng, H. L., Wright, C., Browning, B. R., Upton, A. W., & Sevig, T. D. (2015). Adult attachment dimensions and college student distress: the mediating role of hope. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(6), 822–852. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000015575394
Mikolajczyk, R., Maxwell, A., El Ansari, W., Naydenova, V., Stock, C., Ilieva, S., & Nagyova, I. (2008). Prevalence of depressive symptoms in university students from Germany, Denmark, Poland and Bulgaria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(2), 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-007-0282-0
Monk, E. (2004). Student mental health: the case studies. Counsellsing Psychology Quarterly, 17(4), 395–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070412331331200
Nerdrum, P., Rustøen, T., & Rønnestad, M. (2006). Student psychological distress: a psychometric study of 1750 Norwegian 1st-year undergraduate students. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 50(1), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/00313830500372075
O’Mahony, P., & O’Brien, S. (1980). Demographic and social characteristics of university students attending a psychiatrist. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137(6), 547–550. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.137.6.547
Omigbodun, O., Odukogbe, A., Omigbodun, A., Yusuf, O., Bella, T., & Olayemi, O. (2006). Stressors and psychological symptoms in students of medicine and allied health professions in Nigeria. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(5), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0037-3
Pickard, M., Bates, L., Dorian, M., Greig, H., & Saint, D. (2000). Alcohol and drug use in second-year medical students at the University of Leeds. Medical Education, 34(2), 148–150. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2000.00575.x
Pledge, D., Lapan, R., Heppner, P., Kivlighan, D., & Roehlke, H. (1998). Stability and severity of presenting problems at a university counseling center: a 6-year analysis. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 29(4), 386–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.29.4.386
Pritchard, M. E., Wilson, G. S., & Yamnitz, B. (2007). What predicts adjustment among college students? A longitudinal panel study. Journal of American College Health, 56(1), 15–21. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.56.1.15-22
Radloff, L. (1977). The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
Robins, L., Wing, J., Wittchen, H., Helzer, J., Babor, T., Burke, J., Farmer, A., Jablenski, A., Pickens, R., Regier, D., et al. (1988). The composite international diagnostic interview. An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(12), 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003
Rosal, M., Ockene, I., Ockene, J., Barrett, S., Ma, Y., & Hebert, J. (1997). A longitudinal study of students’ depression at one medical school. Academic Medicine, 72(6), 542-546. http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/1997/06000/A_longitudinal_study_of_students__depression_at.22.aspx.
Rosenthal, B., & Wilson, W. (2008). Mental health services: Use and disparity among diverse college students. Journal of American College Health, 57(1), 61–67. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.1.61-68
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2003). The mental health of students in higher education. Council report CR112. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/publications/collegereports/cr/cr112.aspx.
Royal College of Psychiatrists (2011). The mental health of students in higher education. Council report CR166. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists. https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/publications/collegereports/cr/cr166.aspx.
Shanfield, S., & Benjamin, G. (1985). Psychiatric distress in law students. Journal of Legal Education, 35(1), 65-75. http://www.heinonline.org.ezproxy.lib.swin.edu.au/HOL/Page?page=65&handle=hein.Journals%2Fjled35&collection=journals.
Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Harnett-Sheehan, K., et al. (1998). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 59, 22–33.
Soet, J., & Sevig, T. (2006). Mental health issues facing a diverse sample of college students: results from the college student mental health survey. NASPA Journal, 43, 410–431. http://www.naspa.org/publications/journals.
Sokratous, S., Merkouris, A., Middleton, N. & Karanikola, M. (2014). The prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of depressive symptoms among Cypriot university students: a cross-sectional descriptive co-relational study. BMC Psychiatry, 14, 235–249. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/14/235.
Sreeramareddy, C., Shankar, P., Binu, V., Mukhopadhyay, C., Ray, B., & Menezes, R. (2007). Psychological morbidity, sources of stress and coping strategies among undergraduate medical students of Nepal. BMC Medical Education, 7(26), 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-7-26
Stallman, H. M. (2012). University counselling services in Australia and New Zealand: activities, changes, and challenges. Australian Psychologist, 47(4), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-9544.2011.00023.x
Stallman, H. M., & Shochet, I. (2009). Prevalence of mental health problems in Australian university health services. Australian Psychologist, 44(2), 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00050060902733727
Stecker, T. (2004). Well-being in an academic environment. Medical Education, 38(5), 465–478. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2929.2004.01812.x
Stewart-Brown, S., Evans, J., Patterson, J., Petersen, S., Doll, H., Balding, J., & Regis, D. (2000). The health of students in institutes of higher education: an important and neglected public health problem? Journal of Public Health Medicine, 22(4), 492–499. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/22.4.492
Surtees, P., Pharoah, P., & Wainwright, N. (1998). A follow-up study of new users of a university counselling service. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 26(2), 255–272. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069889808259705
Taylor, J., McCarthy, M., Herbert, R., & Smith, P. (2009). A comprehensive profile of health risk behaviors among students at a small Canadian university. College Student Journal, 43, 255–267. https://www.questia.com/library/p1917/college-student-journal.
Tomoda, A., Mori, K., & Kimura, M. (2000). One-year prevalence and incidence of depression among first-year university students in Japan: a preliminary study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 54, 583–588. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2000.00757.x
Uner, S., Ozcebe, H., Telatar, T. G., & Tezcan, S. (2008). Assessment of mental health of university students with GHQ-12. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 38(5), 437–446 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/issues/sag-08-38-5
University of Leicester (2002). Student psychological health project. Leicester: University of Leicester. Retrieved from http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ssds.
Verger, P., Combes, J., Kovess-Masfety, V., Choquet, M., Guagliardo, V., Rouillon, F., & Peretti-Wattel, P. (2009). Psychological distress in first year university students: socioeconomic and academic stressors, mastery and social support in young men and women. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 643–650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0486-y
Vivekananda, K., Telley, A., & Trethowan, S. (2011). A five year study on psychological distress within a university counselling population. Journal of the Australia and New Zealand Student Services Association, 37, 39–57. http://anzssa.squarespace.com/complete-editions/.
Watanabe, N. (1999). A survey of mental health of university students in Japan. International Medical Journal, 6(1), 175–179. http://www.seronjihou.co.jp/imj/.
Webb, E., Ashton, C., Kelly, P., & Kamali, F. (1996). Alcohol and drug use in UK university students. Lancet, 348(9032), 922–925. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)03410-1
Willcock, S. M., Daly, M. G., Tennant, C. C., & Allard, B. J. (2004). Burnout and psychiatric morbidity in new medical graduates. The Medical Journal of Australia, 181(7), 357 https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2004/181/7
Yoldascan, E., Ozenli, Y., Kutlu, O., Topal, K., & Bozkurt, A. (2009). Prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in Turkish university students and assessment of associated factors. BMC Psychiatry, 9(1), 40–40. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-9-40
Zigmond, A., & Snaith, R. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Zivin, K., Eisenberg, D., Gollust, S., & Golberstein, E. (2009). Persistence of mental health problems and needs in a college student population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 117, 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2009.01.001
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sharp, J., Theiler, S. A Review of Psychological Distress Among University Students: Pervasiveness, Implications and Potential Points of Intervention. Int J Adv Counselling 40, 193–212 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9321-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-018-9321-7