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Pentagalloyl Glucose and Its Functional Role in Vascular Health: Biomechanics and Drug-Delivery Characteristics

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Abstract

Pentagalloyl glucose (PGG) is an elastin-stabilizing polyphenolic compound that has significant biomedical benefits, such as being a free radical sink, an anti-inflammatory agent, anti-diabetic agent, enzymatic resistant properties, etc. This review article focuses on the important benefits of PGG on vascular health, including its role in tissue mechanics, the different modes of pharmacological administration (e.g., oral, intravenous and endovascular route, intraperitoneal route, subcutaneous route, and nanoparticle based delivery and microbubble-based delivery), and its potential therapeutic role in vascular diseases such as abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). In particular, the use of PGG for AAA suppression and prevention has been demonstrated to be effective only in the calcium chloride rat AAA model. Therefore, in this critical review we address the challenges that lie ahead for the clinical translation of PGG as an AAA growth suppressor.

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Figure 1

Adapted from Refs. 18, 23, 31, 34, 42, 55, 79, 92, 100, 104, 117, 123, 127, 142, 163, 176, 192, 193, 199, and 200.

Figure 2

Adapted from Refs. 70 and 172.

Figure 3

Adapted from Refs. 89, 133 and 159.

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Abbreviations

60Co-γ rays:

Cobalt-60 gamma rays

6-Keto-PGF1α:

6-Keto-prostaglandin 1α

ADP:

Adenosine-5′-diphosphate

ALT:

Alanine aminotransferase

AP-1:

Activator protein-1

ArA:

Arachidonic acid

B16F10:

Metastatic mouse melanoma cells

BHK-21 cells:

Baby hamster kidney cell

BV-2:

Transfected microglial cell line

CAT:

Catalase

CC50 :

50% cytotoxic concentration

Cmax :

Maximum serum concentration that a drug achieves in a test area of the body after the drug has been administrated and before the administration of a second dose

CML cell line K56:

Human chronic myelogenous leukemia

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

DPPH:

2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

EC 2.3.1.67:

Acetyl-CoA:1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine acetyltransferase

EC50 :

The concentration of a compound where 50% of its maximal effect is observed

EGF:

Epidermal growth factor

FcɛRI:

High-affinity IgE receptors

GPIIb/IIIa:

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors

GSH-Px:

Glutathione peroxidase

HBZY-1 cells:

Glomerular mesangial cell line

HPBMC:

Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

HUVECs:

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

IB5:

Basic salivary protein

IC50 :

Half maximal inhibitory concentration

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

IL-4:

Interleukin-4

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IL-8:

Interleukin-8

IL-10:

Interleukin-10

Kd :

Dissociation constant—represents ligand-receptor affinity

mBMMCs:

Mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells

MCP-1:

Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor-kB

NO-cGMP pathway:

Nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling pathway

NOS:

Nitric oxide synthase

NR:

Not reported

NS3:

Nonstructural protein 3

PAF:

1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

PC-3:

Human prostate cancer cell line

PMN:

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte system

rhALR2:

Recombinant human aldose reductase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCID:

Severe combined immunodeficiency

SK-MEL-28:

Human skin melanoma cell line

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

SP-1:

Specificity protein 1

TGF-β1:

Transforming growth factor beta 1

Tmax :

Time at which the Cmax is observed

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

TXB2:

Thromboxane B2

U937:

(Pro-) monocytic cell lines

V79-4 cells:

Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts

XOD:

Xanthine oxidase

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Acknowledgments

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose and would like to acknowledge research funding from American Heart Association Award #16CSA28480006. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the American Heart Association.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Vascular Biomechanics and Biofluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249-0670, USA

    Sourav S. Patnaik & Ender A. Finol

  2. Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

    Dan T. Simionescu

  3. Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

    Craig J. Goergen

  4. Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

    Kenneth Hoyt & Shashank Sirsi

  5. Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA

    Kenneth Hoyt & Shashank Sirsi

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  1. Sourav S. Patnaik
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  2. Dan T. Simionescu
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  3. Craig J. Goergen
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  4. Kenneth Hoyt
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  6. Ender A. Finol
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Correspondence to Ender A. Finol.

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Associate Editor Jane Grande-Allen oversaw the review of this article.

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Patnaik, S.S., Simionescu, D.T., Goergen, C.J. et al. Pentagalloyl Glucose and Its Functional Role in Vascular Health: Biomechanics and Drug-Delivery Characteristics. Ann Biomed Eng 47, 39–59 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-018-02145-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-018-02145-5

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