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Mechanical Loadings on Pectoral Pacemaker Implants: Correlation of In-line and Transverse Force of the Pectoralis major

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Abstract

Recently we presented a method for the assessment of in vivo forces on pectoral device implants motivated from technological and clinical advancements toward smaller implantable cardiac pacemakers and the altered structural demands arising from the reduced device size. Objective of this study was the investigation of the intra-species proportionality of in-line force and transverse reaction force of the Pectoralis major for the characterization of mechanical in vivo loadings on pectoral implants. Two Chacma baboons (23.9 ± 1.2 kg) received bilaterally one chronic and one acute pectoral sub-muscular instrumented pacemaker (IPM) implant. The Pectoralis major muscle was electrically stimulated and resulting in-line and transverse muscle force were measured. The correlation of in-line force and transverse force of the Pectoralis major was investigated using linear regression analyses. The proportionality of in-line and transverse force of the Pectoralis major was found to be subject-specific (R 2 = 0.17, p < 0.003). Including morphometric parameters, i.e., length along line of action, width over implant and stress, in the regression analysis provided a strong intra-species correlation between in-line and transverse force (R 2 = 0.71, p < 10−7). The novel intra-species correlation provides a tool toward the characterization of mechanical in vivo loading conditions of pectoral device implants.

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Abbreviations

CFT:

Constant frequency train

ETO:

Ethylene oxide

ICD:

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator

IPG:

Implantable pulse generator

IPM:

Implantable instrumented pacemaker

MLR:

Multiple linear regression

PC:

Personal computer

PCSA:

Physiological cross-sectional area (cm2)

RF:

Radio frequency

SLR:

Single linear regression

A IPM :

Total area of principal surface of IPM (cm2)

A Si :

Surface area of force sensor cover plate

F IL :

In-line force generated in Pectoralis major (N)

F Si :

Transverse force acting on force sensor i (N)

F T :

Transverse force acting on IPM (N)

F T,Rest :

Transverse force on IPM with animal at rest (N)

L f :

Muscle fiber length (mm)

L f,opt :

Optimal muscle fiber length (mm)

L m :

Length of Pectoralis major along the estimated line of action (mm)

M B :

Body mass of animals (kg)

M m :

Mass of Pectoralis major (g)

N :

Samples size

R 2 :

Coefficient of determination

\( R_{\rm{adj}}^{2} \) :

Adjusted coefficient of determination

t m :

Thickness of Pectoralis major at the location of the IPM implant (mm)

t m,cb :

Thickness of Pectoralis major at crossbar of the buckle force transducer (mm)

V m :

Volume of Pectoralis major (cm3)

V rest :

Sensor voltage at rest (V)

w m,cb :

Width of Pectoralis major section at crossbar of the buckle force transducer (mm)

w m,IPM :

Width of Pectoralis major over the IPM implant (mm)

ΔF T :

Difference in transverse force (N)

ρm :

Material density of Pectoralis major (g/cm3)

σm :

Stress in Pectoralis major (N/mm2)

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Professor Stephen Beningfield, Patronella Samuels, Sharon Heyne, and Nazlea Behardien-Peters of the Department of Radiology, University of Cape Town, for MRI and CT imaging.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors confirm that they do not have conflicts of interest in connection with the work and data are presented in this article.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiovascular Research Unit, Chris Barnard Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, 7935 Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa

    M. H. de Vaal, J. Scherman, P. Zilla & T. Franz

  2. Cardiac Rhythm Disease Management, Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    J. Neville

  3. Neuromodulation Division, Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    M. Litow

Authors
  1. M. H. de Vaal
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  2. J. Neville
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  3. J. Scherman
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  4. P. Zilla
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  5. M. Litow
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  6. T. Franz
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. Franz.

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Associate Editor Eiji Tanaka oversaw the review of this article.

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de Vaal, M.H., Neville, J., Scherman, J. et al. Mechanical Loadings on Pectoral Pacemaker Implants: Correlation of In-line and Transverse Force of the Pectoralis major . Ann Biomed Eng 38, 3338–3346 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-010-0085-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-010-0085-4

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