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Influence of Anthropic Environmental-Related Factors on Erysipelas in Wild Boar

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Abstract

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) is an old but still emerging zoonotic infection that is not yet completely understood. ER infects a wide range of species and wild boar is of significant interest because of their similarities to pigs, a known ER reservoir. Moreover, the increase of its densities and the limited data available about ER in this species should be considered. The need is to investigate whether wild boar could represent a risk of erysipelas at the wildlife–domestic–human interface. Here, 1067 sera and 149 tonsils of wild boar from five hunting districts in Northwest Italy were tested using ELISA and bacteriological culture, respectively. Using generalized linear models, we evaluated host and environmental factors influencing ER spread and dynamics. We found an ER seroprevalence of 69.4% among wild boar. Increased human density and pig farm density lead to an increase of ER seropositivity highlighting its association with anthropic environmental-related factors. The high ER percentage of isolation (34.2%) found in healthy wild boar suggests that this species can serve as a healthy carrier. This fact, together with the high seroprevalence, supports a role of wild boar as an ER reservoir. Potential zoonotic and economic risks should be considered in light of these data.

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Acknowledgements

This research was financed by ERA-Net ANIHWA within the EryPoP “Erysipelas—an emerging disease in animal friendly production systems for poultry and pigs” project. We thank Laura Birbes, Adelaide Braga, Veronica Cappa, Giulia Di Patrizi, Giuseppe Orlandi, Fiorenzo Savoldi, Alessandra Scaburri, Alberto Tiraboschi, Marco Tironi and Gianpaolo Ughini for their help with project activities. We thank Edanz Group (www.edanzediting.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

Funding

This study was financed by ERA-Net ANIHWA within the EryPoP “Erysipelas—an emerging disease in animal friendly production systems for poultry and pigs” project (grant number G88F13000660001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia E Dell’Emilia Romagna ‘‘Bruno Ubertini’’, via Bianchi 7/9, 25124, Brescia, Italy

    Nicoletta Formenti, Stefania Calò, Nicoletta Vitale, Stefano Giovannini, Cristian Salogni, Mario D’Incau, Maria Lodovica Pacciarini, Mariagrazia Zanoni, Giovanni Loris Alborali & Mario Chiari

  2. National Veterinary Institute, 75189, Uppsala, Sweden

    Helena Eriksson

  3. Regione Lombardia - D.G. Welfare U.O. Veterinaria, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124, Milano, Italy

    Mario Chiari

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  1. Nicoletta Formenti
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  2. Stefania Calò
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  3. Nicoletta Vitale
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  4. Helena Eriksson
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  8. Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
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Correspondence to Nicoletta Formenti.

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All applicable institutional and/or national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

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Formenti, N., Calò, S., Vitale, N. et al. Influence of Anthropic Environmental-Related Factors on Erysipelas in Wild Boar. EcoHealth 18, 372–382 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-021-01557-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-021-01557-5

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