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Blackened bioclasts and bituminous impregnations in the Koněprusy Limestone (Lower Devonian), the Barrandian area, Czech Republic: implications for basin analysis

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Abstract

Carbonate reef talus facies of the Koněprusy Limestone (Pragian, Lower Devonian, Barrandian) locally exhibit widespread impregnation by organic matter resulting in a partial to complete blackening of the limestones. Two contrasting types of impregnation are recognized: blackening of individual carbonate fossils and bioclastic layers within the limestone originated very early during diagenesis. The blackening is due to finely dispersed organic matter and possibly some iron sulphides and clay minerals that selectively adhered to the outer layers of corals, bryozoans, and crinoid fragments, leaving other fossils unaltered. These darkened fossils are similar to black pebbles—i.e., reworked, dark to black limestone clasts and bioclasts that are known to occur exclusively in shallow-water zones of both ancient and modern carbonates. The alteration of fossil fragments may have taken place in very shallow-water environments, possibly those of saline and reducing back-reef lagoons or supratidal-intertidal zones, with organic matter being derived from decayed algae and microbes, or early vascular terrestrial plant material. Following the coloration, the blackened fossils were removed from their original position by waves or storms and transported into relatively deeper-water reef slope settings to form graded, “salt-and-pepper”-colored bioclastic beds. The presence of blackened fossils in the carbonate succession may point to episodic emergence and indicates a vanished vegetated siliciclastic hinterland that may once have existed to the west or south from the present-day erosive edge of the Barrandian Devonian strata. Subvertical veins cutting the Koněprusy Limestone and filled with black solid bitumen and blackened calcite resulted from a subsequent but substantially later diagenetic event, which is a testament of aqueous and petroleum fluid migration through the succession during deeper burial. Microthermometric characteristics of the aqueous inclusions embedded in vein calcite indicate that the veins were precipitated by brines of low to moderate salinity (0.5–9.5 wt% NaCl equiv.) with temperatures in the range of 87–116°C. The bitumen in the veins is epi-impsonite (Rr = 0.70–1.90%), which is interpreted as degraded petroleum residuum that experienced thermal alteration at around 120°C. The AFT modeling combined with fluid inclusion microthermometry and wider geological considerations indicate that the veins originated during the Variscan orogeny, most probably upon deep burial of the Lower Paleozoic strata in Carboniferous time.

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Acknowledgments

We wish to dedicate this paper to the memory of Prof. Michal Stejskal (1947–2007) who has been an enthusiastic mover of the present study. Throughout his later years, he made a significant contribution towards the use of modern geochemical techniques to study the origin and diagenesis of the petroleum bitumens in the Bohemian Massif. The Grant Agency of the Czech Republic research support (Grant GA ČR No. 205/09/1162 to I.S.) is acknowledged. Ms. Lenka Borecká (IRSM ASCR) has kindly provided time-consuming technical support by preparing most of the diagrams and drawings. The paper has benefited from constructive comments of two anonymous reviewers to whom we are grateful. Our special thanks go to the Co-Editor-in-Chief Prof. Maurice Tucker whose detailed editorial effort and useful suggestions substantially improved the paper.

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  1. Jiránkova 1136/4, 160 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Václav Suchý

  2. Institute of Rock Structure and Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, V Holešovičkách 41, 182 09, Prague 8, Czech Republic

    Ivana Sýkorová & Vladimír Machovič

  3. Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3/131, PO Box 85, 118 21, Prague 1, Czech Republic

    Petr Dobeš

  4. Geological Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, 165 00, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    Jiří Filip

  5. Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prosecká 76, 190 00, Prague 9, Czech Republic

    Antonín Zeman

  6. Prague, Czech Republic

    Michal Stejskal

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Michal Stejskal died on December 3, 2007.

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Suchý, V., Sýkorová, I., Dobeš, P. et al. Blackened bioclasts and bituminous impregnations in the Koněprusy Limestone (Lower Devonian), the Barrandian area, Czech Republic: implications for basin analysis. Facies 58, 759–777 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-011-0292-y

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