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Timing and progression of the end-Guadalupian crisis in the Fars province (Dalan Formation, Kuh-e Gakhum, Iran) constrained by foraminifers and other carbonate microfossils

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Abstract

The Middle-to-Upper Permian in the Kuh-e Gakhum anticline (southeastern Iran) has rarely been studied due to its structural complexity and the difficult access. Rich Permian fusulinid assemblages varying in age from Wordian to Changhsingian were found in a thick carbonate succession corresponding to the Dalan Formation. Three new species of foraminifers are described and a new biostratigraphic framework including five biozones is proposed. One of these, described and defined for the first time in the Dalan Formation, is based on the presence of Praedunbarula simplicissima n. gen. n. sp. When compared to the fossil content of existing bioprovinces, the floro-faunal biota of the Dalan Formation shows an affinity with Central and Western Tethys. A mass extinction of fusulinids and small foraminifers (70%) occurred concomitantly with the onset of a relative sea-level fall. This event led to a change in the carbonate factories from biologically induced carbonate production to ooid-rich chemically induced precipitation. The morphology of the platform at the Guadalupian/Lopingian transition evolves from a bioclastic ramp to a shelf. This transition is also characterized by a major sequence boundary and morphological anomalies in foraminifers. Therefore, as the regression and the changes in floro-faunal contents have been observed at the Guadalupian/Lopingian boundary, the extinction event is considered as end-Guadalupian. It is followed by a Lopingian transgression yielding renewed foraminiferal assemblages.

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Acknowledgments

We gratefully thank GDF SUEZ Exploration-Production Department and the Exploration Directorate of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) for permission to publish this work, for funding of the study, and for granting access to facilities and materials. We are grateful to Raphaël Bourillot (EGID, Université de Bordeaux III) and Arnaud Brayard (Université de Bourgogne, Dijon) for constructive discussions during the drafting of the manuscript. The authors greatly thank Fumio Kobayashi for his hard work and very constructive review and the FACIES editor André Freiwald for helpful suggestions. We also thank Didier Quesne, Nicolas Rolland, Afshin Asghari, and Arsalan Bakhshi for their collaboration during the fieldtrips. This work is a contribution to the “Systèmes, Environnements et Dynamique Sédimentaires” team of the Biogéosciences Laboratory (UMR 5561) and for the FRE 3298 Géosystèmes of the University of Lille. We thank Carmela Chateau-Smith (Université de Bourgogne, Dijon) for checking our English and Philippe Blanc (Lithologie Bourgogne, Dijon) for the realization of thin-sections.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. UMR CNRS 5561 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France

    Christophe Kolodka & Emmanuelle Vennin

  2. Direction Exploration Production, GDF SUEZ, 1 Place Samuel de Champlain, 92930, Paris La Défense Cédex, France

    Christophe Kolodka & Vincent Trocme

  3. Géosystèmes, FRE 3298, Université de Lille 1, Bât. SN5, 59655, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

    Daniel Vachard

  4. Exploration Directorate, National Iranian Oil Company, 1st Deadend, Seoul St., NE Sheikh Bahaei Sq., P.O. Box 19395-6669, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Hassan Goodarzi

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  1. Christophe Kolodka
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Correspondence to Christophe Kolodka.

Appendix: Systematic paleontology (by D. Vachard)

Appendix: Systematic paleontology (by D. Vachard)

In this section, only new taxa are described: Epimonella salva n. gen. n. sp.; Spireitlina gakhumensis n. sp.; Praedunbarula simplicissima n. gen. n. sp.; Praedunbarula simplex n. gen. n. comb.

Phylum Foraminifera d’Orbigny 1826 nomen translat. Cavalier-Smith 2002.

Class Fusulinita Fursenko 1958 nomen translat. Gaillot and Vachard 2007.

Order Parathuramminida Bykova in Bykova and Polenova 1955, nomen translat. Mikhalevich 1980.

Superfamily Parathuramminoidea Bykova in Bykova and Polenova 1955, nomen translat. Mikhalevich 1980.

Family Irregularinidae Zadorozhnyi and Yuferev in Zadorozhnyi 1987 nomen translat. Vachard 1991.

Genus Epimonella n. gen.

Type species:

Epimonella salva n. gen. n. sp.

Etymology:

From Epi: almost and monella ending of Aschemonella, homeomorph genus among the Textulariata.

Diagnosis:

A representative of the Parathuramminida is characterized by elongate chambers and large pseudo-septa. The test is multilocular and uniserial and presents a planispiral to trochospiral coiling. The microgranular wall is dark colored and thin. The last chambers show the development of a proboscis-like terminated by a simple aperture, which is notable at each growth stage. Most of the specimens present spines on their last chamber (between 1 and 3).

Composition:

Aschemonella longicaudata Anderson 1964; Aschemonella sp. sensu Nestell and Nestell (2006); Microproblematica sensu Tien (1979).

Comparison:

Our specimens differ from Aschemonella, relatively similar in shape, by the wall structures. Aschemonella is described by Loeblich and Tappan (1964, p. C214) as “finely to coarsely agglutinated, firmly cemented”, whereas Epimonella n. gen. has a dark wall, probably microgranular and no porcelaneous, but never agglutinated. It is never entirely free; and sometimes, it remains attached. As another difference, the aperture system appears more complex. It differs from Troglotella by the large necks and their aperture. Moreover, Troglotella is theoretically a Textulariata (i.e., an agglutinate foraminifer).

Occurrence

Epimonella is recorded in Northern England (Anderson 1964). Microproblematica sensu Tien (1979) was described in Late Midian series of Cambodia. Aschemonella sp. sensu Nestell and Nestell (2006) is present in the Capitanian of Texas.

Stratigraphic range:

Wordian-Capitanian.

Epimonella salva gen. nov. sp. nov. (Fig. 9 a–e)

Etymology:

Latin salvus = well preserved; female genus.

Type locality

Kuh-e Gakhum (Onshore Fars, Iran).

Type strata:

Epimonella salva is observed in the Lower Dalan and Nar Members which are Guadalupian (Wordian-Capitanian) in age.

Holotype:

Fig. 9c.

Material:

19 thin-sections.

Diagnosis:

As for the genus.

Description:

The microgranular wall is made of three to eight chambers. All the specimens described here present a weak size and shape variability. Indeed the height mean is 0.72 mm, ranging between 0.592 and 0.851 mm. The width (always smaller than its height) of Epimonella salva varies between 0.172 and 0.282 mm. As already observed in biseriamminid families, some specimens can present a larger last chamber (Fig. 9c). Epimonella salva is commonly find-free but could probably have lived attached to gymnocodiacean algae, due to the large amount of Permocalculus spp. observed in association.

Occurrence:

The genus E. salva is present in the Capitanian strata of Cambodia (Tien 1979) and Texas (Nestell and Nestell 2006). In the Kuh-e Gakhum area, E. salva is observed in the Guadalupian series and more precisely in both Praedunbarula and Chusenella zone.

Superfamily Tournayelloidea Dain 1953 nomen translat. Dain in Rauzer-Chernousova and Fursenko 1959.

Family Haplophragmellidae Reitlinger in Rauzer-Chernousova and Fursenko 1959 nomen translat. Lipina in Rauzer-Chernousova et al. 1996

Genus Spireitlina Vachard in Vachard and Beckary 1991

Type species:

Palaeospiroplectamina conspecta Reitlinger 1950

Description:

The initial stage consists of a uniserial planispiral coiling (endothyroid). This juvenile evolves to a terminal/adult stage uncoiled, straight, and biserial. The Spireitlina septa are twisted in their middle part. The inner part of the septa is cylindrical without sutures. Finally, the microgranular wall is brownish to black colored.

Occurrence:

Middle Pennsylvanian (Moscovian)—Middle Permian (Capitanian); cosmopolite.

Spireitlina gakhumensis sp. nov. (Fig. 9 f)

Etymology:

Geographic terminology, from Kuh-e Gakhum (Iran).

Type locality:

Kuh-e Gakhum (Iran).

Type level:

Guadalupian, Late Capitanian.

Holotype:

Fig. 9 f

Material:

1 thin-section

Diagnosis:

A Spireitlina with a uniserial juvenarium presenting a trochospiral coiling. The adult part is biserial and straight.

Occurrence:

Late Capitanian of Kuh-e Gakhum (Fars, Iran).

Order Fusulinida Fursenko 1958

Superfamily Schubertelloidea Skinner 1931 nomen translat. Vachard et al. 1993.

Family Palaeofusulinidae Miklukho-Maklay 1963 nomen translat. Chediya in Rauzer-Chernousova et al. 1996.

Subfamily Dunbarulinae Vachard et al. 1993.

Genus Praedunbarula n. gen.

Type species:

Praedunbarula simplicissima n. sp.

Etymology:

A genus that phylogenetically precedes Dunbarula.

Diagnosis:

This dunbarulin is characterized by a poorly developed juvenarium. The septa exhibit few pores. In the polar regions, the septa are weakly fluted. Praedunbarula are mainly distinguishable by the weakly developed chomata. The test of Praedunbarula is ellipsoidal to inflated fusiform, with slightly convex lateral banks and peaked poles. The shape of the weakly individualized juvenarium is discoidal to lenticular-subcarinate. The septal folding, in the polar regions, does not show variation in the shape and density of the septal loops (always rounded and more or less numerous). Septal pores are poorly developed, but seem to be present in all the species. Chomata and tunnel are faint to distinct.

Composition:

Praedunbarula simplicissima n. gen. n. sp.; Schubertella simplex Lange 1925, S. Schubertella adducta Han 1980; S. agilis Han 1980; S. jilinica Han 1980; S. plana Lange 1925; Dunbarula pseudosimplex Sheng 1958; Schubertella simplex Lange 1925; S. umbilicata Lin 1984; S. sp. sensu Gubler (1935, pl. 2, fig. 3); Mesoschubertella sp. sensu Kobayashi 1988; Dunbarula simplex Han 1980; D. oviformis Kobayashi 2006a; D. nana sensu Gaillot (2006, p. 49–50, pl. I.17, fig. 13 ?, pl. I.43, figs. 18–19, pl. III.23, fig. 12; pl. VI.4, figs. 12–22); Nanligella simplex (Lange 1925) sensu Gaillot 2006; N. minima Deprat 1915 sensu Gaillot 2006; Dunbarula? sp. sensu Kanmera (1954, p. 7–8, pl. 3, figs. 8 ?, 9–11, 20); Dunbarula ex gr. nana sensu Kotlyar et al. 1989, Neofusulinella? mimima Deprat 1915 (see discussion in Lys 1994); Schubertella sp. A sensu Ueno (1992a, fig. 4. 9); S. sp. B sensu Ueno (1992a, fig. 9. 7–9); S.? sp. C sensu Ueno (1992a, fig. 9. 11–12); Schubertella cf. simplex sensu Ueno (1992a, fig. 4–10); Codonofusiella sp. sensu Kotlyar et al. (1984, pl. 6, 25–28) and sensu Berczi-Makk (1992, pl. 1, figs. 7a, 8, pl. 11, fig. 5); Staffellidae sp. sensu Berczi-Makk (1992, pl. 1, figs. 7a, 8, pl. 11, fig. 3); Neofusulinella? pseudogiraudi (Sheng 1958) sensu Ueno and Sakagami (1993, fig. 5.11–13); Dunbarula? sp. sensu Ueno and Sakagami (1993, fig. 5.14); Nanlingella? sp. sensu Kobayashi (2004, figs. 6.10–6.14); Dunbarula sp. A sensu Kobayashi (2007a, fig. 3.51–3.52); Dunbarula sp. A sensu Kobayashi (2007b, pl. 2, fig. 19–20). Dunbarula mathieui Ciry 1948 sensu Vaziri et al. (2005, pl.5, fig. 9).

Occurrence:

Praedunbarula is relatively common in most of the Tethyan areas. It is present in the Early Bolorian (=Kungurian) series of northeast Japan (see Ueno 1992a) and Laos (Lys 1994). Praedunbarula oviformis (Kobayashi 2006a) n. comb. occurs in the Kubergandian (=Roadian) and Early Murgabian (=Early Wordian) of Akasaka (Japan). P. pseudosimplex (Sheng 1958) n. comb. and P. simplex (Lange 1925) n. comb. are relatively frequent in the Middle-Late Wordian (F. Kobayashi, pers. comm., October 2010). Praedunbarula is also described on the Early Murgabian (=Wordian) strata of northeastern Thailand (Ueno and Sakagami 1993) and of the Chichibu Terrane of Japan (Kobayashi 2006a). The Capitanian appears to be largest spatial distribution of the genus: in Hyogo, Japan (Kobayashi 2007b-c), in Kyushu, Japan (Kobayashi 2007a), Cambodia (Gubler 1935), southeastern Pamir (Kotlyar et al. 1989), Sicily (Skinner and Wilde 1966), northeastern Japan (Ueno 1992a). The genus is also observed in the Wuchiapingian series of Transcaucasia (Kotlyar et al. 1984) and the Lopingian of Japan (Kobayashi 2004). The new genus is hugely developed in both Guadalupian and Lopingian series but especially abundant during the Late Wordian-Early Capitanian of the Kuh-e Gakhum area and more largely in the Fars region.

Stratigraphic range:

Kungurian-Changhsingian.

Praedunbarula simplicissima gen. nov. sp. nov. (Fig. 9h; j–m)

Holotype:

Fig. 9h

Type material:

These 54 specimens of this new species are observable on 45 thin-sections.

Etymology:

Latin: simplex = simple; simplicissimus, the simplest.

Type locality:

Kuh-e Gakhum (Iran).

Type level:

P. simplicissima is observed in the Guadalupian–Lopingian series (Dalan Formation) of the Kuh-e Gakhum section. It is particularly abundant before the next Chusenella zone and corresponds to the Late Wordian interval.

Description:

The test is very small and presents an inflated fusiform shape with bluntly rounded poles. Mature specimens have four to five whorls. Specimens preserved show a huge variability in shape. Indeed, the diameter (D) of P. simplicissima varies from 0.25 to 0.8 mm, while the width (w) is relatively the same, 0.38 mm. The first two whorls are subcarinate in shape and coil askew to later ones. They are succeeded by more rapidly expanding inflated fusiform whorls. The weakly differentiated proloculus have a minute and spherical coiling. Even if the wall of P. simplicissima is relatively thick, the septa are comparatively thin. The thickness of the wall seems to increase gradually during the growth and thickens more in the last whorl. This wall is composed of a dark-colored thin tectum and a lower translucent and yellowish protheca. Septal pores are present in outer whorls. The septal folding in the polar regions is weak. Tunnel is narrow, bordered by distinct chomata and presents simple aperture.

Comparison:

The new genus corresponds to a transitional form between Schubertella and true Dunbarula. It differs from Schubertella silvestrii Skinner and Wilde 1966 by the presence of more fluted septa and elongate test (w/D = 1.7 against 1.12–1.47). Moreover S. silvestrii is probably a species of Praedunbarula because of the septal folding (for example in pl. 4, fig. 7; Skinner and Wilde 1966) and septal pores (in figs. 7 and 9), and the increasing in thickness of the wall (pl. 5, fig. 10). It differs from Neofusulinella giraudi Deprat 1915 by smaller size, less whorls, less convex sides, and thinner wall. This species might be confused with Dunbarula nana Chediya, 1986. P. simplicissima differs from Dunbarula nana Chediya, 1986 by its very minute size and less-developed septal folding. Dunbarula nana, Chediya, 1986 sensu Lys in various papers for example 1900, pl. 7, fig. 7 is a Neofusulinella giraudi Deprat 1915. This new species differs from Dunbarula pusilla Skinner 1969 by its weakly folded septa and the large juvenarium; from Dunbarula simplex (Lange 1925) by more complicated texture of the juvenarium and mode of septal folding; and from Dunbarula oviformis Kobayashi 2004 by lower last whorl and weakly folded septa. It differs from Dunbarula cascadensis (Thompson, Wheeler and Danner 1950) emend. Kobayashi (2006b) by a “primitive” septal folding and the size of the juvenarium. This species (or group of species including D. kitakamiensis Choi 1970 and D. laudoni Skinner and Wilde 1966 (see discussion in Kobayashi 1986, 2006b)) is probably transitional form between Dunbarula and Schubertella. Dunbarula planata Ueno 1992a is also possibly transitional one between them.

Praedunbarula simplex (Lange 1925) nov. comb. (Fig. 9 i; n-q)

Description:

The test is very small and subellipsoidal. Lateral slopes are distinctly convex and the poles are broadly rounded. The juvenarium appears small too. Chomata are well defined.

Occurrence:

Capitanian (Midian) of Guguk Bulat, Sumatra (Lange 1925). Permian of Akasaka and Omi Limestones (Japan; Ozawa 1927; Kobayashi 1988). Wordian—Capitanian (Early Murgabian-Midian) of Japan (Kobayashi 2007a, c). Wordian (Murgabian) of Abadeh (Iran) (Kobayashi and Ishii 2003). Artinskian of Beitepe, Turkey (Leven and Ozkan 2004). Chihsian-Middle Permian of South China (Lin 1984; Han 1985; Wang and Tang 1986). Late Midian of Kuh-e Gakhum and Hazro (eastern Taurus, Turkey) (Gaillot 2006). Changhsingian of Kuh-e Surmeh (Zagros; Gaillot 2006). Artinskian of Koryakia of N.W. Turkey (Leven and Okay 1996). Wuchiapingian of Nesen Fm. (Alborz, N. Iran; Gaetani et al. 2009).

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Kolodka, C., Vennin, E., Vachard, D. et al. Timing and progression of the end-Guadalupian crisis in the Fars province (Dalan Formation, Kuh-e Gakhum, Iran) constrained by foraminifers and other carbonate microfossils. Facies 58, 131–153 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-011-0265-1

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