Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Pathological observations of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in the wild boar (Sus scrofa)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
European Journal of Wildlife Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) is a multifactorial respiratory syndrome related to the infection with different pathogens. Although most of these pathogens have been detected in the wild boar, the PRDC pneumonic lesions in this species have not been characterized. The aims of this study were to assess the presence of the main swine respiratory pathogens in wild boar populations from mid-western Spain and to describe the pathological features present in the lung from animals infected with PRDC pathogens. A pathological assessment based on five histological parameters was carried out in lung sections from 210 hunted wild boar. The presence of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Aujeszky’s disease virus, and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in lungs was assessed by the use of specific PCR assays. Additionally, immunohistochemical techniques were carried out to detect swine influenza virus (SIV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in the lungs. Furthermore, the distribution of infected cells with PCV2 and the presence of M. hyopneumoniae throughout the pulmonary parenchyma were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization assays in a subset of animals. Wild boar infected with M. hyopneumoniae, H. parasuis, or P. multocida showed the most severe lesions. M. hyopneumoniae, SIV, PCV2, and PRRSV were detected in single or mixed infections. Animals suffering from mixed infections with M. hyopneumoniae together with different viruses showed severe bronchopneumonia associated with interstitial pneumonia, suggesting that interactions between pathogens might increase the severity of pathological outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Boitani L, Mattei L (1992) Aging wild boar (Sus scrofa) by tooth eruption. In: Spitz F, Janeau G, González G, Aulagnier S (eds) Ongules/ungulates 91. SFEPM-IRGM, Paris-Tolouse, pp 419–421

  • Boye M, Jensen TK, Ahrens P, Hagedorn-Olsen T, Friis NF (2001) In situ hybridisation for identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae and Mycoplasma hyorhinis in formalin-fixed porcine tissue sections. APMIS 109:656–664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brockmeier SL, Halbur PG, Thacker EL (2002) Porcine respiratory disease complex. In: Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM (eds) NCBI bookshelf. ASM Press, Washington, pp 231–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Brookes SM, Nunes A, Choudhury B, Matrosovich M, Essen EC, Cliffor D, Slomka MJ, Kuntz-Simon G, Garcon F, Nash B, Hanna A, Heegaard PMH, Quéguiner S, Chiapponi C, Bublot M, Maldonado-García J, Gardner R, Foni E, Loeffen W, Larsen L, Van Reeth K, Banks J, Irvine RM, Brown H (2010) Replication, pathogenesis and transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in non immune pigs. PLoS ONE 5:e9068

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calsamiglia M, Pijoan C, Trigo A (1999) Application of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay to detect Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from nasal swabs. J Vet Diagn Investig 11:246–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caswell JL, Williams KJ (2007) Respiratory system. In: Maxie MG (ed) Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer’s pathology of domestic animals. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia, pp 579–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiari M, Ferrari N, Zanoni M, Alborali L (2013) Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae temporal trends of infection and pathological effects in wild boar populations. Eur J Wildl Res 60:187–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho WS, Chae C (2003) PCR detection of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae apxIV gene in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissues and comparison with in situ hybridization. Lett Appl Microbiol 37:56–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Closa-Sebastiá F, Casas-Díaz E, Cuenca R, Lavín S, Mentaberre G, Marco I (2011) Antibodies to selected pathogens in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from Catalonia (NE Spain). Eur J Wildl Res 57:977–981

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cságola A, Kecskeméti S, Kardos G, Kiss I, Tuboly T (2006) Genetic characterization of type 2 porcine circoviruses detected in Hungarian wild boars. Arch Virol 151:495–507

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuesta JM, Risco D, Gonçalves P, García-Jiménez WL, Gil M, Fernández-Llario P, Hermoso de Mendoza J, Gómez L (2013) Fatal infection due to Haemophilus parasuis in a young wild boar (Sus scrofa). J Vet Diagn Investig 25:297–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drew TW, Grierson SS, King DP, Hick D, Done S, Neser JA, Evans DPB, Grimbeek P, Banks M (2004) Genetic similarity between porcine circovirus type 2 isolated from the first reported case of PMWS in South Africa and North American isolates. Vet Rec 155:149–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García-González ÁM, Pérez-Martín JE, Gamito-Santos JA, Calero-Bernal R, Alcaide Alonso M, Frontera Carrión EM, Jaafar RF (2013) Epidemiologic study of lung parasites (Metastrongylus spp.) in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in southwestern Spain. J Wildl Dis 49:157–162

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García-Jiménez WL, Benítez-Medina JM, Fernández-Llario P, Abecia JA, García-Sánchez A, Martínez R, Risco D, Ortiz-Peláez A, Salguero FJ, Smith NH, Gómez L, Hermoso de Mendoza J (2012) Comparative pathology of the natural infections by Mycobacterium bovis and by Mycobacterium caprae in wild boar (Sus scrofa). Trans Emerg Dis 60:102–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Laguna J, Salguero FJ, Barranco I, Pallarés FJ, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Bernabé A, Carrasco L (2010) Cytokine expression by macrophages in the lung of pigs infected with the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Comp Pathol 142:51–60

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gortázar C, Acevedo P, Ruiz-Fons F, Vicente J (2006) Disease risks and overabundance of game species. Eur J Wildl Res 52:81–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greve JH (2012) Internal parasites: helminths. In: Zimmerman J, Karriker L, Ramirez A, Schwartz K, Stevenson G (eds) Diseases of swine. Wiley, Ames, pp 908–920

    Google Scholar 

  • Hälli O, Ala-Kurikka E, Nokireki T, Skrzypczak T, Raunio-Saarnisto M, Peltoniemi OAT, Heinonen M (2012) Prevalence of and risk factors associated with viral and bacterial pathogens in farmed European wild boar. Vet J 194:98–101

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harms PA, Halbur PG, Sorden SD (2002) Three cases of porcine respiratory disease complex associated with porcine circovirus type 2 infection. J Swine Health Product 10:27–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Chae C (2004) Concurrent presence of porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine parvovirus in retrospective cases of exudative epidermitis in pigs. Vet J 167:104–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landolt GA, Karasin AI, Phillips L, Olsen CW (2003) Comparison of the pathogenesis of two genetically different H3N2 influenza A viruses in pigs. J Clin Microbiol 41:1936–1941

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maes D, Deluyker H, Verdonck M, Castryck F, Miry C, Vrijens B, De Kruif A (2000) Herd factors associated with the seroprevalences of four major respiratory pathogens in slaughter pigs from farrow-to-finish pig herds. Vet Res 31:313–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martín-Hernando MP, Höfle U, Vicente J, Ruiz-Fons F, Vidal D, Barral M, Garrido JM, de la Fuente J, Gortazar C (2007) Lesions associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex infection in the European wild boar. Tuberculosis 87:360–367

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morandi F, Verin R, Sarli G, Canetti N, Scacco M, Panarese S, Poli A (2013) Antigen localisation of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2): distribution of the infection and PMWS diagnosis in Italian populations of free ranging wild boar. LAR 16:77–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira S, Galina L, Pijoan C (2001) Development of a PCR test to diagnose Haemophilus parasuis infections. J Vet Diagn Investig 13:495–501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Opriessnig T, Thacker EL, Yu S, Fenaux M, Meng XJ, Halbur PG (2004) Experimental reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs by dual infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and porcine circovirus type 2. Vet Pathol 41:624–640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Opriessnig T, Giménez-Lirola LG, Halbur PG (2011) Polymicrobial respiratory disease in pigs. Anim Health Res Rev 12:133–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pijoan C (2006) Pneumonic pasteurellosis. In: Straw B, Zimmermann J, D’Allaire S, Taylor DJ (eds) Diseases of swine. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, pp 719–726

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiner G, Fresen C, Bronnert S, Willems H (2009) Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in wild boars. Vet Microbiol 136:250–258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiner G, Fresen C, Bronnert S, Haack I, Willems H (2010) Prevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in hunted wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Germany. J Wildl Dis 46:551–555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risco D, Fernández-Llario P, Cuesta JM, García-Jiménez WL, Gil M, Gonçalves P, Martínez R, Gómez L, García A, Rey J, Hermoso de Mendoza M, Hermoso de Mendoza J (2013a) Fatal outbreak of systemic pasteurellosis in a wild boar (Sus scrofa) population from southwest Spain. J Vet Diagn Investig 25:791–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risco D, Fernandez-Llario P, Garcia-Jimenez WL, Goncalves P, Cuesta JM, Martinez R, Sanz C, Sequeda M, Gomez L, Carranza J, de Mendoza JH (2013b) Influence of porcine circovirus type 2 infections on bovine tuberculosis in wild boar populations. Trans Emerg Dis 60(Suppl 1):121–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosell C, Segalés J, Plana-Durán J, Balasch M, Rodríguez-Arrioja GM, Kennedy S, Allan GM, McNeilly F, Latimer KS, Domingo M (1999) Pathological, immunohistochemical, and in-situ hybridization studies of natural cases of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. J Comp Pathol 120:59–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaller A, Kuhn R, Kuhnert P, Nicolet J, Anderson TJ, MacInnes JI, Segers RPAM, Frey J (1999) Characterization of apxIVA, a new RTX determinant of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microbiology 145:2105–2116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sibila M, Mentaberre G, Boadella M, Huerta E, Casas-Díaz E, Vicente J, Gortázar C, Marco I, Lavín S, Segalés J (2010) Serological, pathological and polymerase chain reaction studies on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection in the wild boar. Vet Microbiol 144:214–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sitjar M, Noyes EP, Simon X, Pijoan C (1996) Relationships among seroconversion to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, lung lesions, and production parameters in pigs. J Swine Health Product 4:273–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Thacker EL (2001) Immunology of the porcine respiratory disease complex. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17:551–565

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend KM, Frost AJ, Lee CW, Papadimitriou JM, Dawkins HJS (1998) Development of PCR assays for species- and type-specific identification of Pasteurella multocida isolates. J Clin Microbiol 36:1096–1100

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon HA, Seong-Kug EO, Aleyas AG, Cha SY, Lee JH, Chae JS, Jang HK, Cho JG, Song HJ (2006) Investigation of pseudorabies virus latency in nervous tissues of seropositive pigs exposed to field strain. J Vet Med Sci 68:143–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Gobierno de Extremadura (GRU10142) and Collaboration Agreement between Consejería de Agricultura, Desarrollo Rural, Medio Ambiente y Energía, and Extremadura University (FEDER). The authors are also grateful to Dr. Joaquim Segalés (CreSa-UAB) and Dr. F.J. Pallares (UM) for their kind supply of positive controls for PRRS and SIV IHQ assays.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Red de Grupos de Investigación en Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain

    D. Risco, J. M. Cuesta, P. Fernández-Llario, P. Gonçalves, W. L. García-Jiménez, R. Martínez, M. Hermoso de Mendoza, L. Gómez & J. Hermoso de Mendoza

  2. Innovación en Gestión y Conservación de Ungulados S.L., Cáceres, Spain

    P. Fernández-Llario

  3. School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    F. J. Salguero

  4. Servei d’Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain

    R. Velarde

Authors
  1. D. Risco
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. M. Cuesta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. Fernández-Llario
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. F. J. Salguero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. P. Gonçalves
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. W. L. García-Jiménez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. R. Martínez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. R. Velarde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. M. Hermoso de Mendoza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. L. Gómez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. J. Hermoso de Mendoza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to D. Risco.

Additional information

Communicated by C. Gortázar

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

ESM 1

(DOCX 292 kb)

ESM 2

(DOCX 295 kb)

ESM 3

(DOCX 337 kb)

ESM 4

(DOCX 353 kb)

ESM 5

(DOCX 326 kb)

ESM 6

(DOCX 341 kb)

ESM 7

(DOCX 286 kb)

ESM 8

(DOCX 322 kb)

ESM 9

(DOCX 367 kb)

ESM 10

(DOCX 191 kb)

ESM 11

(DOCX 336 kb)

ESM 12

(DOCX 363 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Risco, D., Cuesta, J.M., Fernández-Llario, P. et al. Pathological observations of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) in the wild boar (Sus scrofa). Eur J Wildl Res 61, 669–679 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-015-0937-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-015-0937-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation