Abstract
Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) which is intensively grown in the Black Sea region is the most important agricultural product of Turkey. Hazelnut production and quality are negatively affected by several diseases and pests. Powdery mildew is nowadays one of the most common diseases in almost whole hazelnut producing areas. The disease is caused by two different species, Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr. et Lev.) Fr. and Erysiphe corylacearum U. Braun & S. Takam. For the last 4 years, E. corylacearum, a newly invasive fungus in Turkey, has been caused significant economic losses. In the present study, the efficacy of ammonium, potassium and sodium bicarbonates, and two fungicides were evaluated in field trials against powdery mildew on hazelnuts in Samsun in 2016. The application rates of compounds used in the experiment were as follows: ammonium, potassium and sodium bicarbonates (Sigma-Aldrich, Seelze, Germany) at 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6% (w/v); Collis® SC (100 g/l Kresoxim methyl +200 g/l Boscalid, BASF, Spain) at 30 ml/100 l and Sulflow® 80 WG (Sulphur 800 g/l, Agrofarm, Turkey) at 400 g/100 l. Of the compounds tested, except for fungicides, sodium was found to be the most effective in controlling the powdery mildew on hazelnuts, followed by potassium and ammonium, respectively. Among those three, ammonium bicarbonate was ineffective against fruit infections of the disease. There was also no significant difference between inhibitory effects of 6% sodium bicarbonate, Collis and Sulflow against the disease (P < 0.05). In addition, bicarbonate salts was phytotoxic to hazelnut leaves at concentrations greater than 1.5%. The results indicate that sodium or potassium bicarbonate solutions seems to be a useful biocompatible fungicide for controlling the powdery mildew on hazelnuts.
Zusammenfassung
Die Haselnuss (Corylus avellana L.) wird in der Mittelmeerregion intensiv angebaut und ist das wichtigste landwirtschaftliche Produkt der Türkei. Die Produktion und Qualität der Haselnüsse können von verschiedenen Krankheiten und Schädlingen negativ beeinflusst werden. Echter Mehltau ist heute eine der häufigsten Krankheiten in fast allen Haselnuss-Anbaugebieten. Die Krankheit wird von zwei verschiedenen Arten ausgelöst, Phyllactinia guttata (Wallr. et Lev.) Fr. und Erysiphe corylacearum U. Braun & S. Takam. In den letzten vier Jahren hat ein neuer invasiver Pilz, E. corylacearum, in der Türkei zu bedeutenden wirtschaftlichen Verlusten geführt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde 2016 in Samsun die Wirksamkeit von Ammonium‑, Kalium- und Natriumbicarbonat sowie zweier Fungizide in Feldversuchen zur Behandlung von Echtem Mehltau bei Haselnüssen beurteilt. Die Ausbringungsraten der im Versuch verwendeten Verbindungen waren wie folgt: Ammonium‑, Kalium- und Natriumbicarbonate (Sigma-Aldrich, Seelze, Deutschland) zu je 1,5 %, 3 %, 4,5 % und 6 % (w/v); Collis® SC (100 g/l Kresoxim-Methyl + 200 g/l Boscalid, BASF, Spanien) zu je 30 ml/100 l und Sulflow® 80 WG (Schwefel 800 g/l, Agrofarm, Türkei) zu 400 g/100 l. Abgesehen von den Fungiziden zeigte sich Natriumbicarbonat bei den getesteten Verbindungen als effektivste Bekämpfung des Echten Mehltaus bei Haselnüssen, danach Kalium- und Ammoniumbicarbonat in dieser Reihenfolge. Bei den Bicarbonaten war Ammoniumbicarbonat gegen Fruchtinfektionen der Krankheit wirkungslos. Es konnte auch kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen der inhibitorischen Wirkung von 6 % Natriumbicarbonat, Collis und Sulflow gegen die Krankheit festgestellt werden (P < 0,05). Zusätzlich waren Bicarbonatsalze in einer Konzentration von mehr als 1,5 % phytotoxisch für das Haselnusslaub. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Natrium- oder Kaliumbicarbonat-Lösungen als biokompatible Fungizide zur Bekämpfung von Echtem Mehltau an Haselnüssen eingesetzt werden können.
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M. Türkkan, İ. Erper, Ü. Eser and A. Baltacı declare that they have no competing interests.
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Türkkan, M., Erper, İ., Eser, Ü. et al. Evaluation of Inhibitory Effect of Some Bicarbonate Salts and Fungicides Against Hazelnut Powdery Mildew. Gesunde Pflanzen 70, 39–44 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-017-0411-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-017-0411-y