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Assessing the roles of temperature, carbon inputs and airborne pollen as drivers of fructification in European temperate deciduous forests

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Abstract

We aimed at identifying which drivers control the spatio-temporal variability of fruit production in three major European temperate deciduous tree species: Quercus robur, Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica. We analysed the relations of fruit production with airborne pollen, carbon and water resources and meteorological data in 48 French forests over 14 years (1994–2007). In oak, acorn production was mainly related to temperature conditions during the pollen emission period, supporting the pollen synchrony hypothesis. In beech, a temperature signal over the two previous years eclipsed the airborne pollen load. Fruit production in Quercus and Fagus was related to climate drivers, carbon inputs and airborne pollen through strongly nonlinear, genus-specific relations. Quercus and Fagus also differed as regards the secondary growth versus fructification trade-off. While negative relationships were observed between secondary growth and fruit production in beech, more productive years benefited to both secondary growth and reproductive effort in oak.

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Notes

  1. For example, intra-stand spatial variation of fruit production reached an average coefficient of variation of 106% across ten litter traps representing a 2.5-m² sampling area over 4 years of moderate-to-good acorn production (2013–2016) in a temperate sessile oak forest (FR-Fon ICOS research station, www.barbeau.u-psud.fr) (Berveiller D, Delpierre N. and Dufrêne E., unpublished data).

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Acknowledgements

This paper builds on data gathered over thousands of hours of field and technical work done by: the Office National des Forêts (ONF) foresters, who collected and classified litterfall data; and collaborators of the RNSA network who prepared and analysed pollen observation data. We warmly thank them for their work. We thank Hilaire Martin and Baco Said-Allaoui for their work on early related projects, Sebastien Daviller and Raphaël Aussenac for their helpful technical assistance, and Valentin Journé for pointing papers on the seasonality of fruit production in beech. Finally, we thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that helped improving the paper.

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Author notes

  1. François Lebourgeois and Nicolas Delpierre have contributed equally to this paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, Université de Lorraine, 14 rue Girardet, 54000, Nancy, France

    François Lebourgeois

  2. Écologie Systématique Évolution, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France

    Nicolas Delpierre & Eric Dufrêne

  3. Département recherche, développement, innovation, Office National des Forêts, Direction forêts et risques naturels, Boulevard de Constance, 77300, Fontainebleau, France

    Sébastien Cecchini, Sébastien Macé, Luc Croisé & Manuel Nicolas

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  1. François Lebourgeois
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  2. Nicolas Delpierre
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  3. Eric Dufrêne
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  4. Sébastien Cecchini
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Contributions

FL, ND and ED designed the research. FL and ND analysed the data and wrote the manuscript, with inputs from ED, SC, SM, LC, and MN collected and prepared the fructification data. FL collected and prepared the ring width and climate data. ND prepared the CASTANEA simulations and the pollen data.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to François Lebourgeois.

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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Communicated by Rüdiger Grote.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Online Resource 1 Ecological characteristics of the RENECOFOR network stands (PDF 12 kb)

Online Resource 2 Climatic characteristics along the longitudinal gradient (PDF 51 kb)

Online Resource 3 Crown, fruit production and phenology in the RENECOFOR network stands (PDF 12 kb)

Online Resource 4 Dendrometric characteristics of the RENECOFOR network stands (PDF 12 kb)

10342_2018_1108_MOESM5_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 5 Partial dependence plots of the most important variables driving tree-ring width in oak stands (PDF 45 kb)

Online Resource 6 Evaluation of the autocorrelation of the fruit (a) and pollen (b) time series (PDF 61 kb)

Online Resource 7 Synchrony between stands and changes with distance (PDF 530 kb)

Online Resource 8 Mean predicted acorn biomass obtained with the CGPW model versus observed values (PDF 12 kb)

Online Resource 9 Mean predicted nut biomass obtained with the CGP* model versus observed values (PDF 12 kb)

Online Resource 10 Length of the pollen emission window as related to temperature (PDF 98 kb)

10342_2018_1108_MOESM11_ESM.pdf

Online Resource 11 Percentages of the variance of the fructification datasets explained by statistical models (Figure) (PDF 54 kb)

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Online Resource 12 Percentages of the variance of the fructification datasets explained by statistical models (Table) (PDF 16 kb)

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Online Resource 13 Spatial variability of fruit crop in a temperate oak forest (FR-Fon, ICOS research station, www.barbeau.u-psud.fr) (PDF 34 kb)

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Online Resource 14 Partial dependence plots of the seven best significant predictors of fruit biomass for the 5 beech stands with tree-ring width data (PDF 29 kb)

Online Resource 15 Minimal depth variable interactions (PDF 47 kb)

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Lebourgeois, F., Delpierre, N., Dufrêne, E. et al. Assessing the roles of temperature, carbon inputs and airborne pollen as drivers of fructification in European temperate deciduous forests. Eur J Forest Res 137, 349–365 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-018-1108-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-018-1108-1

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