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Characterization of the structure, dynamics, and productivity of mixed-species stands: review and perspectives

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Abstract

The growth and yield of mixed-species stands has become an important topic of research since there are certain advantages of this type of forest as regards functions and services. However, the concepts and methods used to characterize mixed stands need to be understood, as well as harmonized and standardized. In this review we have compiled a set of measures, indices, and methods at stand level to characterize the structure, dynamics, and productivity of mixed stands, and we discuss the pros and cons of their application in growth and yield studies. Parameters for the characterization of mixed stand structure such as stand density, species composition, horizontal (intermingling) and vertical tree distribution pattern, tree size distribution, and age composition are described, detailing the potential as well as the constraints of these parameters for understanding resource capture, use, and efficiency in mixed stands. Furthermore, a set of stand-level parameters was evaluated to characterize the dynamics of mixed stands, e.g. height growth and space partitioning, self- and alien-thinning, and growth partitioning among trees. The deviations and changes in the behaviour of the analysed parameters in comparison with pure stand conditions due to inter-specific interactions are of particular interest. As regards stand productivity, we reviewed site productivity indices, the growth–density relationship in mixed stands as well as methods to compare productivity in mixed versus monospecific stands. Finally, we discuss the main problems associated with the methodology such as up-scaling from tree to stand level as well as the relevance of standardized measures and methods for improving forest growth and yield research in mixed stands. The main challenges are also outlined, especially the need for qualitatively sound data.

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Acknowledgments

The networking in this study has been supported by COST Action FP1206 EuMIXFOR. The first author also thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for funding the research project “Mixed Forest complexity and sustainability: dynamic, silviculture and adaptive management tools” (AGL2014-51964-C2-2-R). We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Silviculture and Forest Management, INIA Forest Research Centre INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. A Coruña, km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Miren del Río, Iciar Alberdi & Andrés Bravo-Oviedo

  2. Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, Universidad de Valladolid & INIA, Madrid/Palencia, Spain

    Miren del Río, Felipe Bravo & Andrés Bravo-Oviedo

  3. Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany

    Hans Pretzsch

  4. Department of Silviculture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland

    Kamil Bielak

  5. ETS de Ingenierías Agrarias, University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain

    Felipe Bravo

  6. Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway

    Andreas Brunner

  7. Department of Natural Systems and Resources, School of Forestry, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    Sonia Condés

  8. Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA

    Mark J. Ducey

  9. Department of Forest Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

    Teresa Fonseca

  10. Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway

    Nikolas von Lüpke

  11. Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Ecology and Silviculture, University of Agriculture, Kraków, Poland

    Maciej Pach

  12. Croatian Forest Research Institute, Jastrebarsko, Croatia

    Sanja Peric & Martina Tijardovic

  13. Irstea - Unité Ecosystèmes Forestiers, Nogent-Sur-Vernisson, France

    Thomas Perot & Patrick Vallet

  14. Université de Mascara, Mascara, Algeria

    Zahera Souidi

  15. Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany

    Peter Spathelf

  16. Department of Forest and Soil Science, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Hubert Sterba

  17. Forest Research Center, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

    Margarida Tomé

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  1. Miren del Río
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  2. Hans Pretzsch
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  3. Iciar Alberdi
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  18. Margarida Tomé
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  19. Patrick Vallet
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  20. Andrés Bravo-Oviedo
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Correspondence to Miren del Río.

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del Río, M., Pretzsch, H., Alberdi, I. et al. Characterization of the structure, dynamics, and productivity of mixed-species stands: review and perspectives. Eur J Forest Res 135, 23–49 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-015-0927-6

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