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Common pathways by which non-native forest insects move internationally and domestically

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Abstract

International trade and movement of people are largely responsible for increasing numbers of non-native insect introductions to new environments. For forest insects, trade in live plants and transport of wood packaging material (WPM) are considered the most important pathways facilitating long-distance invasions. These two pathways as well as trade in firewood, logs, and processed wood are commonly associated with insect infestations, while “hitchhiking” insects can be moved on cargo, in the conveyances used for transport (e.g., containers, ships), or associated with international movement of passengers and mail. Once established in a new country, insects can spread domestically through all of the above pathways. Considerable national and international efforts have been made in recent years to reduce the risk of international movement of plant pests. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) No. 15 (WPM), 36 (plants for planting), and 39 (wood) are examples of phytosanitary standards that have been adopted by the International Plant Protection Convention to reduce risks of invasions of forest pests. The implementation of ISPMs by exporting countries is expected to reduce the arrival rate and establishments of new forest pests. However, many challenges remain to reduce pest transportation through international trade, given the ever-increasing volume of traded goods, variations in quarantine procedures between countries, and rapid changes in distribution networks. It is therefore likely that many more human-assisted invasions of forest insects will take place. New geographic expansions by natural modes are also made possible due to changes in host distribution and/or climate.

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Acknowledgements

This review is a component of the Special issue on “Invasive insect pests of forests and urban trees: pathways, early detection and management.” We thank Lindsay Bulman (Scion), Mike Ormsby (New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries, NZMPI) and Therese Poland (USDA Forest Service) for comments on an earlier draft of this paper, and Catherine Duthie (NZMPI) for personal communications.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand

    Nicolas Meurisse

  2. Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Viale Dell’Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, Italy

    Davide Rassati

  3. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa

    Brett P. Hurley

  4. Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), 11 Kyle Street, P.O. Box 29-237, Christchurch, 8440, New Zealand

    Eckehard G. Brockerhoff

  5. Emeritus, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 3101 Technology Blvd., Suite F, Lansing, MI, 48910, USA

    Robert A. Haack

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  1. Nicolas Meurisse
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  2. Davide Rassati
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  3. Brett P. Hurley
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  4. Eckehard G. Brockerhoff
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Correspondence to Nicolas Meurisse.

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NM, DR, BPH, EGB, and RAH declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Communicated by J. D. Sweeney.

Special Issue on Invasive Pests of Forests and Urban Trees.

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Meurisse, N., Rassati, D., Hurley, B.P. et al. Common pathways by which non-native forest insects move internationally and domestically. J Pest Sci 92, 13–27 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-0990-0

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