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A new fossil from the early Oligocene of Provence (France) increases the diversity of early Gruoidea and adds constraint on the origin of cranes (Gruidae) and limpkin (Aramidae)

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Abstract

Cranes (Gruidae) have a poor early fossil record, and the oldest ascertained fossils hitherto referred to the family (either as crown or stem-representatives) date back to the early or middle Miocene. Other Gruoidea have an even scarcer fossil record. Psophiidae and Aramidae are virtually unknown as fossils, and other fossil representatives of the Gruoidea are difficult to place. Here, we describe a new fossil that sheds new light on the early history of stem Gruidae, a right coracoid in dorsal view preserved on slab in limestone laminites of the early Oligocene « Calcaires de Campagne-Calavon» (Alpes de Haute Provence, France). It is compared with extant and fossil morphologically related taxa, and appears to differ from all extant and fossil relatives in the Gruoidea. The new fossil represents, among the Gruoidea, a new genus and species, Palaeogeranos tourmenti, placed within the clade (Aramidae + Gruidae) that is referred to as epifamily Gruoidae. Within Gruoidae, placement is tentative and we give arguments leading to propose a possible position as a stem Gruidae, a hypothesis to be tested with further discoveries. In this hypothesis, aged around 30 million years, the new fossil suggests that the stem of the Gruidae would date back to at least the earliest Oligocene, which is still compatible with current molecular phylogenetic divergence dates estimations, given the confidence intervals. Palaeogeranos will potentially help refining future calibrations for molecular phylogenetic studies, at least concerning the earliest Gruoidae (Aramidae + Gruidae).

Zusammenfassung

Ein neues Fossil aus dem frühen Oligozän der Provence (Frankreich) erhöht die Diversität der frühen Gruoidea und liefert weitere Hinweise auf den Ursprung der Kraniche (Gruidae) und Rallenkraniche (Aramidae).

Für die Kraniche (Gruidae) gibt es nur wenige frühe Fossilien, und die ältesten gesicherten, die bislang dieser Familie zugeordnet wurden (entweder als Kronen- oder Stammvertreter), stammen aus dem frühen oder mittleren Miozän. Andere Gruoidea haben einen noch spärlicheren Fossilnachweis. Psophiidae und Aramidae sind als Fossilien praktisch unbekannt, und andere fossile Vertreter der Gruoidea sind schwierig zuzuordnen. Wir beschreiben hier ein neues Fossil, das neues Licht auf die frühe Geschichte des Stammes Gruidae wirft. Es handelt sich um ein rechtes Schulterbein in Dorsalansicht, das auf einer Platte in Kalksteinlaminiten des frühen Oligozäns “Calcaires de Campagne-Calavon” (Alpes de Haute Provence, Frankreich) erhalten ist. Im Vergleich mit lebenden und fossilen morphologisch verwandten Taxa scheint es sich von allen diesen Verwandten der Gruoidea zu unterscheiden. Für die Gruoidea repräsentiert das neue Fossil eine neue Gattung und Art, Palaeogeranos tourmenti, innerhalb der Klade (Aramidae + Gruidae), die als Epifamilie Gruoidae bezeichnet wird. Innerhalb der Gruoidea ist diese Einordnung noch vorläufig; wir geben Argumente für den Vorschlag einer möglichen Einordnung als Stamm Gruoidae, eine Hypothese, die anhand weiterer Fossil-Entdeckungen noch zu testen ist. In dieser Hypothese legt das neue Fossil, bei einem Alter von etwa 30 Millionen Jahren, nahe, dass der Stamm der Gruidae mindestens auf das früheste Oligozän zurückgehen würde, was angesichts der Konfidenzintervalle immer noch mit den aktuellen Schätzungen der molekularen phylogenetischen Divergenzdaten kompatibel wäre. Palaeogeranos wird möglicherweise helfen, die Eichung molekularphylogenetischer Untersuchungen in Zukunft weiter zu verfeinern, zumindest was die frühesten Gruoidae (Aramidae + Gruidae) betrifft.

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Availability of data and materials

All the data supporting the study are including in the article. The original fossil is deposited in the public collections of Université Lyon 1.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Nicolas Tourment for the donation of the specimen to the collections at UCBL-FSL, and Emmanuel Robert, curator of these collections, also for making available the camera lucida to AD. We also thank three reviewers, whose comments helped improve the manuscript.

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AD and AL contributed to elaboration of the study, acquisition of data, their analysis and interpretation, and manuscript writing; AD realized illustrations.

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Correspondence to Antoine Louchart.

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Communicated by F. Bairlein.

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Louchart, A., Duhamel, A. A new fossil from the early Oligocene of Provence (France) increases the diversity of early Gruoidea and adds constraint on the origin of cranes (Gruidae) and limpkin (Aramidae). J Ornithol 162, 977–986 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-021-01891-z

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