Abstract
It has been hypothesised that rivers serve as biogeographic barriers and Pleistocene forest refuges may explain the rich species diversity observed within Neotropical rainforests. The lack of correspondence between Amazonian and Atlantic forest species in South America is a good model for testing such hypotheses. We used molecular, ancestral area reconstruction, and potential paleodistribution analyses of Chiroxiphia pareola to test above hypotheses and examine the diversification and/or geographical expansion of populations. Six genes, two mitochondrial and four nuclear, were analysed. All population splits were estimated to have occurred in the Pliocene–Pleistocene period, and the occurrence of an Amazon population split was supported by historical river dynamics. Amazonian populations were not monophyletic, and the eastern Amazonian cluster was a sister of the Atlantic Forest population. Molecular divergence occurring between the Amazonian and Atlantic forest populations was low when compared to splits between the lineages separated by Amazonian rivers. During the early to middle Pleistocene era, regions associated with mountain slopes and riverbanks connected the Amazonian and Atlantic Forest populations near the interior of the Brazilian Northeast semiarid region, which might have facilitated species dispersal from Amazonia into the Atlantic Forest. After this point, the populations were separated, and the Atlantic Forest population remained stable until the end of the Pleistocene and Holocene eras when short-range expansion and demographic growth occurred. Our results provide evidence that highlights the role of rivers and historical climate change in the diversification of Amazonian and Atlantic Forest bird species through the Plio-Pleistocene era.
Zusammenfassung
Die Populationsgeschichte der Prachtpipra ( Chiroxiphia pareola ) unterstützt die Plio-Peistozän-Diversifizierung im Amazonasgebiet und zeigt eine junge Verbindung zum Atlantischen Wald
Es gibt die Hypothese, dass Flüsse als biogeographische Barrieren dienen und die pleistozänen Waldrückzugsgebiete möglicherweise die reiche Artenvielfalt in den neotropischen Regenwäldern erklären können. Die fehlende Übereinstimmung zwischen amazonischen und atlantischen Waldvogelarten in Südamerika bietet gute Modelle für die Prüfung solcher Hypothesen. Wir verwendeten molekulare, frühere Gebietsrekonstruktionen und mögliche Paläoverbreitungs-Analysen der Prachtpipra, um die oben erwähnte Hypothese zu testen und die Diversifizierung und/oder geographische Ausbreitung der Populationen zu prüfen. Sechs Gene, zwei mitochondriale und vier aus dem Zellkern, wurden analysiert. Dabei wurde angenommen, dass alle Aufspaltungen der Populationen im Pliozän-Pleistozän stattgefunden haben; das Auftreten einer Aufspaltung einer Amazonas-Population wurde von der historischen Fluss-Dynamik unterstützt. Die Amazonas-Populationen waren nicht monophyletisch und der östliche Amazonas-Cluster eine Schwester der Population am Atlantik. Das auf molekularer Ebene feststellbare Auseinanderlaufen der Populationen am Amazonas von denen am Atlantik war gering im Vergleich zu dem der Populationen, die durch die Amazonas-Zuflüsse voneinander getrennt sind. Während des frühen bis mittleren Pleistozäns verbanden durch Bergzüge und Flussufer miteinander verbundene Gebiete die Populationen in den Wäldern am Amazonas und am Atlantik miteinander, nahe dem Inneren der nordost-brasilianischen semiariden Regionen. Das könnte die Ausbreitung der Arten aus den amazonischen in die atlantischen Wälder erleichtert haben. Ab dann waren die Populationen voneinander getrennt; diejenige in den Wäldern am Atlantik blieb bis zum Ende des Pleistozäns und Holozäns stabil, während es zu kurzzeitiger Ausdehnung und demographischem Wachstum kam. Unsere Ergebnisse liefern Beweise für die Bedeutung von Flüssen und historischen Klimaveränderungen für die Diversifizierung der amazonischen und atlantischen Waldvogelarten während des Plio-Pleistozäns.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the anonymous reviewer and Alexandre Aleixo for their comments and suggestions on the manuscript. The authors thank the Rede de Plataformas Tecnológicas for use of its Sequencing facility in Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (FIOCRUZ)—Bahia. Nayla F. F. Nascimento thanks Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for scholarship. Henrique Batalha-Filho thanks Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia (FAPESB)—RED0045/2014; JCB0026/2016, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)—443249/2014-8 and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa, Criação e Inovação/Universidade Federal da Bahia (PROPCI/UFBA)—PRODOC-2013/5813 for funding. All biological material used in the research came from scientific collections.
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Supplementary file2 (PDF 259 KB) ESM_2 On vertebrates endemism areas: A) Rondônia, B) Inambari, C) Napo, D) Imeri, E) Guiana, F) Tapajós, G) Xingu, H) Belém, I) Brejos de altitude – Ibiapaba (Ceará), and J) Atlantic Forest
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do Nascimento, N.F.F., Agne, C.E.Q., Batalha-Filho, H. et al. Population history of the Blue-backed Manakin (Chiroxiphia pareola) supports Plio-Pleistocene diversification in the Amazon and shows a recent connection with the Atlantic Forest. J Ornithol 162, 549–563 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01845-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-020-01845-x