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Do Common Mynas significantly compete with native birds in urban environments?

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Abstract

In Australia, the introduced Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) is commonly believed to aggressively displace native birds and outcompete them for food and nest resources. However, the current paucity of scientific evidence makes it difficult to devise appropriate management strategies for protection of urban bird populations. This study investigates the way in which the Common Myna uses the urban environment and interacts with other species while foraging and nesting in Sydney, Australia. The bird community varied between habitat types along an urbanisation gradient, and the abundance of the Common Myna increased significantly with the degree of habitat modification. Surveys of the frequency of interspecific interactions revealed that the Common Myna did not initiate a significantly greater number of aggressive encounters than did other species. Focal observations of two potential native competitors showed that despite foraging in close proximity, the Common Myna rarely interfered with feeding activity. Assessment of natural tree hollow occupancy found that Common Mynas used significantly fewer tree hollows than did native species. Analysis of nest site selection indicated that Common Mynas chose to nest in more highly modified habitats, and in artificial structures rather than in vegetation. These findings suggest that, in this study area, Common Mynas have little competitive impact on resource use by native bird species in the urban matrix. The logical conclusion of these results is that the substantial efforts currently directed towards culling of Common Mynas in heavily urbanised environments is misdirected, and resources would be better directed to improvement of natural habitat quality in these areas if the purpose of control is to enhance urban bird diversity.

Zusammenfassung

Es wird allgemein angenommen, dass der nach Australien eingeführte Hirtenmaina die dort einheimischen Vögel aggressiv verdrängt und im Konkurrenzkampf um Nahrung und Nistmöglichkeiten schlägt. Aber der Mangel an wissenschaftlichen Nachweisen hierfür macht es schwierig, angemessene Strategien zum Schutz der in den Städten heimischen Vogelpopulationen auszuarbeiten und einzusetzen. In dieser Studie untersuchen wir die Art und Weise, auf die der Hirtenmaina in Sydney, Australien, das urbane Ökosystem nutzt und mit anderen Spezies bei der Futteraufnahme und den Nistaktivitäten interagiert. Die Vogelgesellschaft variierte zwischen einzelnen Habitat-Typen entlang eines Verstädterungs-Gradienten, und das Auftreten des Hirtenmainas nahm signifikant mit dem Ausmaß der Habitat-Veränderungen zu. Untersuchungen zur Häufigkeit zwischenartlicher Interaktionen ergaben, dass der Hirtenmaina nicht signifikant mehr aggressive Aktionen als andere Arten unternahm. Spezielle Beobachtungen zweier einheimischer, potentieller Konkurrenten zeigten, dass sich trotz Nahrungssuche in unmittelbarer Nähe zueinander der Hirtenmaina nur selten störend in die Nahrungssuche einmischte. Die Überprüfung der Belegung natürlicher Baumhöhlen ergab, dass der Hirtenmaina signifikant weniger Baumhöhlen nutzte als die einheimischen Arten. Eine Analyse der Auswahl von Nistplätzen ließ vermuten, dass der Hirtenmaina bevorzugt in stärker modifizierten Habitaten und eher in künstlichen Strukturen als in Vegetation nistet. All’ diese Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass der Hirtenmaina in dem hier untersuchten Gebiet, einem Stadtbiotop, für die einheimischen Vögel eine nur geringe Konkurrenz um Ressourcen darstellt. Die Schlussfolgerung hieraus ist, dass die derzeitigen substantiellen Bemühungen zur Ausrottung des Hirtenmainas in stark verstädterten Biotopen vergeudet sind und die Ressourcen besser in die Qualitäts-Verbesserung der natürlichen Habitate investiert werden sollten, wenn es darum geht, die Vielfalt der einheimischen urbanen Vögel zu erhöhen.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Daniel Lowe, Adrian Davis and Jenna Lowe for field assistance and the Australian Museum and Birds Australia for providing data from the Birds in Backyards program (http://www.birdsinbackyards.net). We are also grateful to Jenna Lowe for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Richard E. Major.

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Communicated by T. K. Gottschalk.

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Lowe, K.A., Taylor, C.E. & Major, R.E. Do Common Mynas significantly compete with native birds in urban environments?. J Ornithol 152, 909–921 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-011-0674-5

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