Abstract
Increasing pollution of ecosystems is calling for sustainable methods to remove pollutants. In particular, electrodeionization has recently emerged as an efficient technique to remove ionic compounds from contaminated waters. Electrodeionization involves a continuous process of electrochemical water deionization using ion-specific membranes, mixed-bed resins and a direct current voltage. Electrodeionization is thus safer than classical treatments with acids, bases and other chemicals. Electrodeionization produces highly pure water, allows efficient ion removal and does not require chemicals for resin regeneration. Electrodeionization for water purification overcomes limitations of resin beds for ion exchange, particularly the release of ions as the beds exhaust. Applications include the removal of toxic chemicals, radioactive pollutants, heavy metal ions and corrosive anions; the regeneration of valuable metals; the deionization of water and the removal of nitrates. Continuous electrodeionization requires performance optimization and modification of the stack configuration. This article reviews principles and applications of ion removal, transport and reaction mechanisms, and factors controlling the efficiency.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acevedo MM, Colón G, Realpe A (2011) Electrolytic removal of nitrate and potassium from wheat leachate using a four compartment electrolytic cell. Desalination 278(1–3):354–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.05.051
Ahmed Basha C, Josephine Selvi S, Ramasamy E, Chellammal S (2008a) Removal of arsenic and sulphate from the copper smelting industrial effluent. Chem Eng J 141:89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.10.027
Ahmed Basha C, Ghoshb PK, Gajalakshmi G (2008b) Total dissolved solids removal by electrochemical ion exchange (EIX) process. Electrochim Acta 54:474–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.07.040
Ahmed Basha C, Ramanathan R, Rajkumar R, Mahalakshmi M, Senthil Kumar P (2008c) Management of Chromium Plating Rinsewater Using Electrochemical Ion Exchange. Ind Eng Chem Res 47:2279–2286. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie070163x
Allison RP (1995) Electrodialysis reversal in water reuse applications. Desalination 103(1–2):11–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(95)00082-8
Alvarado L, Chen A (2014) Electrodeionization: principles, strategies and applications. Electrochim Acta 132:583–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.165
Alvarado L, Ramírez A, Rodríguez-Torres I (2009) Cr(VI) removal by continuous electrodeionization: Study of its basic technologies. Desalination 249(1):423–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.051
Alvarado L, Torres IR, Chen A (2013) Integration of ion exchange and electrodeionization as a new approach for the continuous treatment of hexavalent chromium wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 105:55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2012.12.007
Alyüz B, Veli S (2009) Kinetics and equilibrium studies for the removal of nickel and zinc from aqueous solutions by ion exchange resins. J Hazard Mater 167(1–3):482–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.01.006
Amit Shivputra Dharnaik Pranab Kumar Ghosh (2014) Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] removal by the electrochemical ion-exchange process. Environ Technol 35:2272–2279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2014.902108
Andrew T (1996) Electrochemical ion exchange. Membr Technol 75:6–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-2118(00)88750-9
Anitha T, Senthil KP, Sathish KK (2014) Binding of Zn(II) ions to chitosan-PVA blend in aqueous environment: Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium studies. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 34(1):15–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.11943
Arar O, Yuksel U, Kabay N, Yuksel M (2011) Removal of Cu2+ ions by a micro-flow electrodeionization (EDI) system. Desalination 277(1–3):296–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.04.044
Arar O, Yuksel U, Kabay N, Yuksel M (2013) Demineralization of geothermal water reverse osmosis (RO) permeate by electrodeionization (EDI) with layered bed configuration. Desalination 317:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.02.020
Arar O, Yuksel U, Kabay N, Yuksel M (2014) Various applications of electrodeionization (EDI) method for water treatment—a short review. Desalination 342:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.01.028
Aravind S, Senthil Kumar P, Kumar NS, Siddarth N (2020) Conversion of green algal biomass into bioenergy by pyrolysis. A review. Environ Chem Lett. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-00990-2
Ariono D, Khoiruddin K, Subagjo S, Wenten IG (2017) Heterogeneous structure and its effect on properties and electrochemical behavior of ion-exchange membrane. Mater Res Express 4:24006–1–24011. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa5cd4
Bashir A, Malik LA, Ahad S, Manzoor T, Bhat MA, Dar GN, Pandith AH (2018) Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous system by ion-exchange and biosorption methods. Environ Chem Lett 17:729–754. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-00828-y
Batstone DJ, Hülsen T, Mehta CM, Keller J (2015) Platforms for energy and nutrient recovery from domestic wastewater: a review. Chemosphere 140:2–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.10.021
Bei J, Lia F, Zhao X (2019) Removal of trace Cs(I), Sr(II), and Co(II) in aqueous solutions using continuous electrodeionization (CEDI). Desalination and Water Treatment 155:175–182. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.23911
Blackburn JW (1999) Electrodialysis applications for pollution prevention in the chemical processing industry. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 49:934–942. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1999.10463870
Chiarle S (2000) Mercury removal from water by ion exchange resins adsorption. Water Res 34(11):2971–2978. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00044-0
Costa M, Klein CB (2006) Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans. Crit Rev Toxicol 36(2):155–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408440500534032
Crini G, Lichtfouse E (2019) Advantages and disadvantages of techniques used for wastewater treatment. Environ Chem Lett 17:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0785-9
Crini G, Lichtfouse E, Wilson LD, Morin-Crini N (2019) Conventional and non-conventional adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Environ Chem Lett 17:195–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0786-8
Dabrowski A, Hubicki Z, Podkościelny P, Robens E (2004) Selective Removal of the heavy metals ions from waters and industrial waste waters by ion-exchange methods. Chemosphere 56:91–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.03.006
Datta S, Henry MP, Lin YJ, Fracaro AT, Millard CS, Snyder SW, Stiles RL, Shah J, Yuan J, Wesoloski L, Dorner RW, Carlson WM (2013) Electrochemical CO2 capture using resin-wafer electrodeionization. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:15177–15186. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie402538d
Dermentzis K (2010) Removal of nickel from electroplating rinse waters using electrostatic shielding electrodialysis/electrodeionization. J Hazard Mater 173(1–3):647–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.08.133
Dermentzis K, Davidis A, Papadopoulou D, Christoforidis A, Ouzounis K (2009a) Copper removal from industrial wastewaters by means of electrostatic shielding driven electrodeionization. J Eng Sci Technol Rev 2(1):131–136. https://doi.org/10.25103/jestr.021.24
Dermentzis K, Papadopoulou D, Christoforidis A, Dermentzi A (2009b) A new process for desalination and electrodeionization of water by means of electrostatic shielding zones—ionic current sinks. J Eng Sci Technol Rev 2(1):33–42
Dermentzis KI, Davidis AE, Dermentzi AS, Chatzichristou CD (2010) An electrostatic shielding-based coupled electrodialysis/electrodeionization process for removal of cobalt ions from aqueous solutions. Water Sci Technol 62(8):1947–1953. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.547
Dermentzis K, Christoforidis A, Papadopoulou D, Davidis A (2011) Ion and ionic current sinks for electrodeionization of simulated cadmium plating rinse waters. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 30(1):37–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10438
Dermentzis K, Davidis A, Chatzichristou C, Dermentzi A (2012) Ammonia removal from fertilizer plant effluents by a coupled electrostatic shielding based electrodialysis/electrodeionization process. Glob NEST J 14(4):468–476. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000703
Di Mascio F, Ganzi G (1999) Electrodeionization apparatus method. US5858191
Du J, Lorenz N, Beitle RR, Hestekin JA (2012) Application of wafer-enhanced electrodeionization in a continuous fermentation process to produce butyric acid with Clostridium tyrobutyricum. Sep Sci Technol 47:43–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.618170
Dzyazko YS (2006) Purification of a diluted solution containing nickel using electrodeionization. Desalination 198(1–3):47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.09.008
Erturk E, Carus E, Gorgulu A (2019) Pure water production technology by electrodeionization method in dark factories scope. Procedia Comput Sci 158:222–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.045
Feng X, Wu Z, Chen X (2007) Removal of metal ions from electroplating effluent by EDI process and recycle of purified water. Sep Purif Technol 57:257–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.04.014
Feng X, Gao J, Wu Z (2008) Removal of copper ions from electroplating rinse water using electrodeionization. J Zhejiang Univ Sci A 9(9):1283–1287. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.A0820166
Fu L, Wang J, Su Y (2009) Removal of low concentrations of hardness ions from aqueous solutions using electrodeionization process. Sep Purif Technol 68(3):390–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.06.010
Ganzi G.C. (1991) Ion pure CDI electrodeionization systems: new product and process developments for high purity water production, new developments in ion exchange materials, fundamentals and applications. In: Proceedings of the international conference on ion exchange, , Tokyo, Japan, ICIE '91:October 2–4
Ganzi GC, Wood JH, Griffin CS (1992) Water purification and recycling using the CDI process. Environ Prog 11(1):49–53. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.670110117
Ganzi GC, Jha AD, Dimascio F, Wood JH (1997) Electrodeionization-theory and practice of continuous electrodeionization. Ultrapure Water J 14(6):64–69
Glueckauf E (1959) Electro-deionization through a packed bed. Br Chem Eng 4:646–651
Gode F, Pehlivan E (2006) Removal of chromium(III) from aqueous solutions using Lewatit S100: the effect of pH, time, metal concentration and temperature. J Hazard Mater 136:330–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.12.021
Goffin C, Calay JC (2000) Use of continuous electrodeionization to reduce ammonia concentration in steam generators blow-down of PWR nuclear power plants. Desalination 132(1–3):249–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00156-9
Grabowski A, Zhang G, Strathmann H, Eigenberger G (2006) The production of high purity water by continuous electrodeionization with bipolar membranes: influence of the anion-exchange membrane permselectivity. J Membr Sci 281(1–2):297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.03.044
Grabowski A, Zhang G, Strathmann H, Eigenberger G (2008) Production of high-purity water by continuous electrodeionization with bipolar membranes. Influence of concentrate and protection compartment. Sep Purif Technol 60(1):86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.07.052
Greiter M, Novalin S, Wendland M, Kulbe KD, Fischer J (2002) Desalination of whey by electrodialysis and ion exchange resins: analysis of both processes with regard to sustainability by calculating their cumulative energy demand. J Membr Sci 210:91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(02)00378-2
Guan S, Wang S (2007) Experimental studies on electrodeionization for the removal of copper ions from dilute solutions. Sep Sci Technol 42(5):949–961. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390701193751
Gunasundari E, Senthil KP (2017) Adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of Cu(II) ions onto the dried algal biomass (Spirulina platensis). J Ind Eng Chem 56:129–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.07.005
Hakim AN, Khoiruddin K, Ariono D, Wenten IG (2019) Ionic separation in electrodeionization system: mass transfer mechanism and factor affecting separation performance. Sep Purif Rev. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2019.1608562
Han L, Liu Y, Chew JW (2018) Boron transfer during desalination by electrodialysis. J Membr Sci 547:64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.036
Helfferieh F (1995) Ion exchange. Dover, New York
Hemavathy RV, Kumar PS, Kanmani K, Jahnavi N (2019) Adsorptive separation of Cu(II) ions from aqueous medium using thermally/chemically treated Cassia fistula based biochar. J Clean Prod 249:119390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119390
Ismail I, Soliman A, Abdel-Monem N, Salah Ahmed H, Sorour MH (2014) Nickel removal from electroplating waste water using stand-alone and electrically assisted ion exchange processes. Int J Environ Sci Technol 11:199–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0158-z
Janssen LJ, Koene L (2002) The role of electrochemistry and electrochemical technology in environmental protection. Chem Eng J 85:137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00218-2
Kahlon SK, Sharma G, Julka JM, Kumar A, Sharma S, Stadler FJ (2018) Impact of heavy metals and nanoparticles on aquatic biota. Environ Chem Lett 16:919–946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0737-4
Kameche M, Xu FN, Innocent C, Pourcelly G (2003) Electrodialysis in water-ethanol solutions: application to the acidification of organic salts. Desalination 154:9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00203-0
Kang SY, Lee JU, Moon SH, Kim KW (2004) Competitive adsorption characteristics of Co2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+ by IRN-77 cation exchange resin in synthesized wastewater. Chemosphere 56:141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.02.004
Keramati N, Moheb A, Ehsani MR (2010) Effect of operating parameters on NaOH recovery from waste stream of Merox tower using membrane systems: electrodialysis and electrodeionization processes. Desalination 259:97–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.027
Khoiruddin K, Hakim AN, Wenten IG (2014) Advances in electrodeionization technology for ionic separation—a review. Membr Water Treat 5:87–108. https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2014.5.2.087
Khoiruddin K, Ariono D, Subagjo S, Wenten IG (2017) Surface modification of ion-exchange membranes: methods, characteristics, and performance. J Appl Polym Sci 134:45540–1–45613. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.45540
Kiruba UP, Kumar PS, Prabhakaran C, Aditya V (2014) Characteristics of thermodynamic, isotherm, kinetic, mechanism and design equations for the analysis of adsorption in Cd(II) ions-surface modified Eucalyptus seeds system. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45(6):2957–2968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2014.08.016
Lakehal A, Bouhidel K-E (2017) Optimization of the electrodeionization process: comparison of different resin bed configurations. Desalin Water Treat 86:96–101. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2017.21326
Lee H-J, Hong M-K, Moon S-H (2012) A feasibility study on water softening by electrodeionization with the periodic polarity change. Desalination 284:221–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.001
Lee H-J, Song J-H, Moon S-H (2013) Comparison of electrodialysis reversal (EDR) and electrodeionization reversal (EDIR) for water softening. Desalination 314:43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.028
Lee D, Lee J-Y, Kim Y, Moon S-H (2017) Investigation of the performance determinants in the treatment of arsenic-contaminated water by continuous electrodeionization. Sep Purif Technol 179:381–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.025
Li F-Z, Zhang M, Zhao X, Hou T, Liu L-J (2010) Removal of Co2+ and Sr2+ from a primary coolant by continuous electrodeionization packed with weak base anion exchange resin. Nuclear Technol 172(1):71–76. https://doi.org/10.13182/NT10-A10883
Liang LS, Wang L (2001) Continuous electrodeionization processes for production of ultrapure water. In: Semiconductor pure water and chemicals conference, Monterey, California, Feb 27–March 1, 2001
Liu L, Li F, Zhao X, Zhao G (2008) Low-level radioactive wastewater treatment by continuous electrodeionization. Qinghua Daxue Xuebao/J Tsinghua Univ 48:1012–1014
Liu Y, Wang J, Xu Y, Wu B (2019) A deep desalination and anti-scaling electrodeionization (EDI) process for high purity water preparation. Desalination 468:114075–1–114110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2019.114075
Lopez AM, Hestekin JA (2015) Improved organic acid purification through wafer enhanced electrodeionization utilizing ionic liquids. J Membr Sci 493:200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.06.008
Lu H, Wang J, Yan B, Bu S (2010a) Recovery of nickel ions from simulated electroplating rinse water by electrodeionization process. Water Sci Technol 61(3):729–735. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.894
Lu J, Wang Y-X, Lu Y-Y, Wang G-L, Kong L, Zhu J (2010b) Numerical simulation of the electrodeionization (EDI) process for producing ultrapure water. Electrochim Acta 55(24):7188–7198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.07.054
Lu HX, Wang JY, Bu SF, Zhang MQ, Zhang JB (2011a) Removal of nickel ions from dilute heavy metal solutions by electrodeionization process. Adv Mater Res 183–185:580–584. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.183-185.580
Lu H, Wang J, Bu S, Fu L (2011b) Influence of resin particle size distribution on the performance of electrodeionization process for Ni2+ removal from synthetic wastewater. Sep Sci Technol 46:404–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2010.518197
Lu H, Wang Y, Wang J (2014) Removal and recovery of Ni2+ from electroplating rinse water using electrodeionization reversal. Desalination 348:74–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.06.014
Mahendra C, Satya Sai PM, Anand Babu C (2014) Current–voltage characteristics in a hybrid electrodialysis–ion exchange system for the recovery of cesium ions from ammonium molybdophosphate-polyacrylonitrile. Desalination 353:8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.08.025
Mahendra CH, Satya Sai PM, Anand Babu C (2016) Different Modes of electrodeionization of cesium from AMP-PAN. Int J Res Eng Technol 15:30–34
Mahmoud A, Muh L, Vasiluk S, Aleynikoff A, Lapicque F (2003) Investigation of transport phenomena in a hybrid ion exchange-electrodialysis system for the removal of copper ions. J Appl Electrochem 33:875–884. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025859610756
Malik LA, Bashir A, Qureashi A, Pandith AH (2019) Detection and removal of heavy metal ions: a review. Environ Chem Lett 17:1495–1521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00891-z
Manosso HC, Forbicini C (2009) Treatment of wastes containing cesium ions by electrochemical ion-exchange (EIX). J Radio Anal Nucl Chem 279:417–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-007-7201-4
Marder L, Sulzbach GO, Bernardes AM, Ferreira JZ (2003) Removal of cadmium and cyanide from aqueous solutions through electrodialysis. J Braz Chem Soc 14(4):610–615. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532003000400018
Marek J, Šimunkova M, Parschova H (2015) Clogging of the electrodeionization chamber. Desalin Water Treat 56(12):3259–3263. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.980973
Matos CT, Velizarov S, Reis MAM, Crespo JG (2008) Removal of bromate from drinking water using the ion exchange membrane bioreactor concept. Environ Sci Technol 42(20):7702–7708. https://doi.org/10.1021/es801176f
McKendry P (2002) Energy production from biomass (part 2): conversion technologies. Bioresour Technol 83(1):47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00119-5
Meng H, Peng C, Song S, Deng D (2004) Electro-regeneration mechanism of ion-exchange resins in electrodeionization. Surf Rev Lett 11:599–605. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218625X04006542
Meyer N, Parker W, Van Geel P, Adiga M (2005) Development of an electrode ionization process for removal of nitrate from drinking water part 1: single-species testing. Desalination 175:153–165
Molau GE (1981) Heterogeneous ion-exchange membranes. J Membr Sci 8:309–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)82318-2
Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TVM (2018) Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett 8:199–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8
Nataraj SK, Hosamani KM, Aminabhavi TM (2007) Potential application of an electrodialysis pilot plant containing ion-exchange membranes in chromium removal. Desalination 217(3):181–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.012
Neeraj G, Krishnan S, Senthil KP, Shriaishvarya KR, Vinoth KV (2016) Performance study on sequestration of copper ions from contaminated water using newly synthesized high effective chitosan coated magnetic nanoparticles. J Mol Liq 214:335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.11.051
Nevi JB, Jones CP, Neville MD (1991) Electrochemical ion exchange. J Chem Tech Biotechnol 50:469–481. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.280500405
Neville MD, Jones CP, Turner AD (1998) The EIX process for radioactive waste treatment. Prog Nucl Energ 32:397–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-1970(97)00034-6
Ngueagni PT, Woumfo ED, Kumar PS, Siéwé M, Vieillard J, Brun N, Nkuigue PF (2019) Adsorption of Cu(II) ions by modified horn core: effect of temperature on adsorbent preparation and extended application in river water. J Mol Liq 298:112023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112023
Nithya K, Sathish A, Kumar PS (2020) Packed bed column optimization and modeling studies for removal of chromium ions using chemically modified Lantana camara adsorbent. J Water Process Eng 33:101069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.101069
Ochoa JR (1996) Electrosíntesis y Electrodiálisis, 1st edn. McGraw Hill, Madrid
Ortega A, Oliva I, Contreras KE, Gonzalez I, Cruz-Díaz MR, Rivero EP (2017) Arsenic removal from water by hybrid electro-regenerated anion exchange resin/electrodialysis process. Sep Purif Technol 184:319–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.04.050
Pan S-Y, Snyder SW, Ma H-W, Lin YJ, Chiang P-C (2017) Development of a resin wafer electrodeionization process for impaired water desalination with high energy efficiency and productivity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:2942–2948. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02455
Pan S-Y, Snyder SW, Ma H-W, Lin YJ, Chiang P-C (2018) Energy-efficient resin wafer electrodeionization for impaired water reclamation. J Clean Prod 174:1464–1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.068
Park J-S, Song J-H, Yeon K-H, Moon S-H (2007) Removal of hardness ions from tap water using electromembrane processes. Desalination 202(1–3):1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.12.031
Patnaik P (1999) A comprehensive guide to the hazardous properties of chemical substances, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York
Pauline MA, Bridger NJ, Jones CP, Neville MD, Turner AD (1990) Electrochemical ion exchange. Recent Dev Ion Exchange. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0777-5_20
Prato T, Gallagher C (2010) Using EDI to meet the needs of pure water production. GE Power Water Water Process Technol 1–5
Prentice G (1991) Electrochemical engineering principles. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Rahman ROA, Ibrahium HA, Hung Y-T (2011) Liquid radioactive wastes treatment: a review. Water 3(2):551–565. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3020551
Ran J, Wu L, He Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Jiang C, Ge L, Bakangura E, Xu T (2017) Ion exchange membranes: new developments and applications. J Membr Sci 522:267–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.09.033
Rengaraj S, Moon S-H (2002) Kinetics of adsorption of Co(II) removal from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins. Water Res 36(7):1783–1793. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00380-3
Rengaraj S, Yeon K-H, Moon S-H (2001) Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins. J Hazard Mater 87(1–3):273–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(01)00291-6
Rengaraj S, Joo CK, Kim Y, Yi J (2003) Kinetics of removal of chromium from water and electronic process wastewater by ion exchange resins: 1200H, 1500H and IRN97H. J Hazard Mater 102(2–3):257–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(03)00209-7
Robert JWA, Hudson MJ (1991) Reversible extraction of ionic species using electrochemically assisted ion exchange. Solvent Extr Ion Exchange 9(3):497–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/07366299108918067
Rozhdestvenska LM, Dzyazko YS, Belyakov VN (2006) Electrodeionization of a Ni2+ solution using highly hydrated zirconium hydrophosphate. Desalination 198(1–3):247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.007
Sajjad A-A, Yunus MYBM, Azoddein AAM, Hassell DG, Dakhil IH, Hasan HA (2020) Electrodialysis desalination for water and wastewater: a review. Chem Eng J 380:122231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122231
Samatya S, Kabay N, Yüksel Ü, Arda M, Yüksel M (2006) Removal of nitrate from aqueous solution by nitrate selective ion exchange resins. React Funct Polym 66(11):1206–1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2006.03.009
Saravanan A, Kumar PS, Renita AA (2018) Hybrid synthesis of novel material through acid modification followed ultrasonication to improve adsorption capacity for zinc removal. J Clean Prod 17:92–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.109
Scarazzato T, Buzzi DC, Bernardes AM, Romano Espinosa DC (2015) Treatment of wastewaters from cyanide-free plating process by electrodialysis. J Clean Prod 91:241–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.046
Semmens MJ, Dillon CD, Riley C (2001) An evaluation of continuous electrodeionization as an in-line process for plating rinsewater recovery. Environ Prog 20:251–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.670200414
Senthil Kumar P, Saravanan A (2017) Sustainable wastewater treatments in textile sector. Sustain Fibres Text 11:323–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102041-8.00011-1
Senthil KP, Ramalingam S, Abhinaya RV, Thiruvengadaravi KV, Baskaralingam P, Sivanesan S (2011) Lead (II) adsorption onto sulphuric acid treated cashew nut shell. Sep Sci Technol 46(15):2436–2449. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2011.590174
Shehab NA, Amy GL, Logan BE, Saikaly PE (2014) Enhanced water desalination efficiency in an air-cathode stacked microbial electrodeionization cell (SMEDIC). J Membr Sci 469:364–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.058
Shen X, Chen X (2019) Membrane-free electrodeionization using phosphonic acid resin for nickel containing wastewater purification. Sep Purif Technol 223:88–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.04.040
Shen X, Li T, Jiang X, Chen X (2014) Desalination of water with high conductivity using membrane-free electrodeionization. Sep Purif Technol 128:39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.03.011
Shen XL, Yu J, Chen Y, Peng Z, Li H, Kuang X, Yang W (2019) Influence of some parameters on membrane-free electrodeionization for the purification of wastewater containing nickel ions. Int J Electrochem Sci 14:11237–11252. https://doi.org/10.20964/2019.12.35
Shu Y, Pan SW, Snyder H-W, Lin YJ, Chiang P-C (2017) Development of a resin wafer electrodeionization process for impaired water desalination with high energy efficiency and productivity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5(4):2942–2948. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b02455
Sillanpaa M, Shestakova M (2017) Emerging and combined electrochemical methods. Electrochem Water Treat Methods 131–225
Simons R (1984) Electric field effects on proton transfer between ionisable groups and water in ion exchange membranes. Electrochim Acta 29:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(84)87040-1
Singh R, Singh S, Parihar P, Singh V, Prasad S (2015) Arsenic contamination, consequences and remediation techniques A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 112:247–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.10.009
Smara A, Delimi R, Chainet E, Sandeaux J (2007) Removal of heavy metals from diluted mixtures by a hybrid ion-exchange/electrodialysis process. Sep Purif Technol 57(1):103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2007.03.012
Smith AL, Stadler LB, Cao L, Love NG, Raskin L, Skerlos SJ (2014) Navigating wastewater energy recovery strategies: a life cycle comparison of anaerobic membrane bioreactor and conventional treatment systems with anaerobic digestion. Environ Sci Technol 48(10):5972–5981. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5006169
Song J, Yeon K, Moon S (2005a) Transport characteristics of Co2+ through an ion exchange textile in a continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) system under electro-regeneration. Sep Sci Technol 39(15):3601–3619. https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-200036796
Song J-H, Yeon K-H, Cho J, Moon S-H (2005b) Effects of the operating parameters on the reverse osmosis-electrodeionization performance in the production of high purity water. Korean J Chem Eng 22(1):108–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02701471
Song J-H, Yeon K-H, Moon S-H (2007) Effect of current density on ionic transport and water dissociation phenomena in a continuous electrodeionization (CEDI). J Membr Sci 291:165–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.01.004
Souilah O, Akretche DE, Amara M (2004) Water reuse of an industrial effluent by means of electrodeionization. Desalination 167:49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.112
Spiegel EF, Thompson PM, Helden DJ, Doan HV, Gaspar DJ, Zanapalidou H (1999) Investigation of an electrodeionization system for the removal of low concentrations of ammonium ions. Desalination 123(1):85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(99)00062-4
Spoor PB, Ter Veen WR, Janssen LJJ (2001) Electrodeionization 1: migration of nickel ions absorbed in a rigid, macro porous cation-exchange. J Appl Electrochem 31:523–530. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017541927230
Strathmann H (2004) Ion-exchange membrane separation processes. Membrane science and technology series, vol 9. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Strathmann H (2010) Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude of new applications. Desalination 264:268–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.04.069
Strathmann H, Grabowski A, Eigenberger G (2013) Ion-exchange membranes in the chemical process industry. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:10364–10379. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie4002102
Suganya S, Senthil KP (2018) Influence of ultrasonic waves on preparation of active carbon from coffee waste for the reclamation of effluents containing Cr(VI) ions. J Ind Eng Chem 60:418–430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2017.11.029
Sun X, Lu H, Wang J (2016) Brackish water desalination using electrodeionization reversal. Chem Eng Process 104:262–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2016.03.014
Taghdirian HR, Moheb A, Mehdipourghazi M (2010) Selective separation of Ni(II)/Co(II) ions from dilute aqueous solutions using continuous electrodeionization in the presence of EDTA. J Membr Sci 362(1–2):68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.023
Thompson BE, Mehta CM, Radjenovic J, Batstone DJ (2016) A mechanistic model for electrochemical nutrient recovery systems. Water Res 94:176–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.032
Thompson BE, Jermakka J, Freguia S, Batstone DJ (2017) Modelling recovery of ammonium from urine by electro-concentration in a 3-chamber cell. Water Res 124:210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.043
Van Halem D, Bakker S, Amy G, van Dijk J (2009) Arsenic in drinking water: a worldwide water quality concern for water supply companies. Drinking Water Eng Sci 2:29–34. https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-2-29-2009
Vasudevan S, Oturan MA (2013) Electrochemistry: as cause and cure in water pollution—an overview. Environ Chem Lett 12(1):97–108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-013-0434-2
Venkatesh G, Elmi RA (2013) Economic-environmental analysis of handling biogas from sewage sludge digesters in WWTPs (wastewater treatment plants) for energy recovery: case study of Bekkelaget WWTP in Oslo (Norway). Energy 58(1):220–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.05.025
Vyas PV, Shah BG, Trivedi GS, Ray P, Adhikary SK, Rangarajan R (2000) Studies on heterogeneous cation-exchange membranes. React Funct Polym 44:101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1381-5148(99)00084-X
Vyas PV, Shah BG, Trivedi GS, Ray P, Adhikary SK, Rangarajan R (2001) Characterization of heterogeneous anion-exchange membrane. J Membr Sci 187:39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00613-X
Walsh F (1993) A first course in electrochemical engineering. Alresford Press, London
Wang J, Wang S, Jin M (2000) A study of the electrode ionization process—high-purity water production with a RO/EDI system. Desalination 132:349–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00171-5
Wenten IG, Khoiruddin K (2016) Recent developments in heterogeneous ion-exchange membrane: preparation, modification, characterization and performance evaluation. J Eng Sci Technol 11:916–934
Wenten IG, Khoiruddin AF, Zudiharto (2013) Bench scale electrodeionization for high pressure boiler feed water. Desalination 314:109–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2013.01.008
Wood J (2008) Continuous electrodeionization for water treatment at power plants. Power Eng (Barrington Illinois) 112:62–66
Wood J, Gifford J, Arba J, Shaw M (2010) Production of ultrapure water by continuous electrodeionization. Desalination 250:973–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2009.09.084
Wu D, Wang R (2006) Combined cooling, heating and power: a review. Prog Energy Combust Sci 32(5–6):459–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2006.02.001
Xing Y, Chen X, Wang D (2009) Variable effects on the performance of continuous electrodeionization for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater. Sep Purif Technol 68(3):357–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2009.06.006
Xu T (2005) Ion exchange membranes: state of their development and perspective. J Membr Sci 263:1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.05.002
Xu T, Huang C (2008) Electrodialysis-based separation technologies: a critical review. AIChE J 54(12):3147–3159. https://doi.org/10.1002/aic.11643
Xu FN, Innocent C, Pourcelly G (2005) Electrodialysis with ion exchange membranes in organic media. Sep Purif Technol 43:17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2004.09.009
Xu L, Dong F, Zhuang H, He W, Ni M, Feng S-P, Lee P-H (2017) Energy upcycle in anaerobic treatment: Ammonium, methane, and carbon dioxide reformation through a hybrid electrodeionization–solid oxide fuel cell system. Energy Convers Manag 140:157–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.072
Yansheng L, Li Y, Liu Z, Wu T, Tian Y (2011) A novel electrochemical ion exchange system and its application in water treatment. J Environ Sci 23:S14–S17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)61069-3
Yeon KH, Seong JH, Rengaraj S, Moon SH (2003) Electrochemical characterization of ion-exchange resin beds and removal of cobalt by electrodeionization for high purity water production. Sep Sci Technol 38(2):443–462. https://doi.org/10.1081/SS-120016584
Yeon KH, Song JH, Kim JB, Moon SH (2004a) Preparation and characterization of UV-grafted ion-exchange textiles in continuous electrodeionization. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 79:1395–1404. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1141
Yeon K-H, Song J-H, Moon S-H (2004b) A study on stack configuration of continuous electrodeionization for removal of heavy metal ions from the primary coolant of a nuclear power plant. Water Res 38(7):1911–1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.01.003
Zahakifar F, Keshtkar AR*, Shirani AS, Zaheri A (2016) Performance evaluation of continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) for removal of strontium and cesium from aqueous solutions using Taguchi method. J Nucl Sci Technol 77:18–28
Zahakifar F, Keshtkar A, Nazemi E, Zaheri A (2017) Optimization of operational conditions in continuous electrodeionization method for maximizing Strontium and Cesium removal from aqueous solutions using artificial neural network. Radiochim Acta 105(7):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2016-2709
Zhang Z, Chen A (2016) Simultaneous removal of nitrate and hardness ions from groundwater using electrodeionization. Sep Purif Technol 164:107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.03.033
Zhang Y, Wang L, Xuan S, Lin X, Luo X (2014a) Variable effects on electrodeionization for removal of Cs+ ions from simulated wastewater. Desalination 344:212–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2014.03.034
Zhang Z, Liba D, Alvarado L, Chen A (2014b) Separation and recovery of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) using electrodeionization as an efficient approach. Sep Purif Technol 137:86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.09.030
Zheng X-Y, Pan S-Y, Tseng P-C, Zheng H-L, Chiang P-C (2018) Optimization of resin wafer electrodeionization for brackish water desalination. Sep Purif Technol 194:346–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.061
Acknowledgements
The authors express their gratitude to Management of Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering and St Joseph’s College of Engineering.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rathi, B.S., Kumar, P.S. Electrodeionization theory, mechanism and environmental applications. A review. Environ Chem Lett 18, 1209–1227 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01006-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01006-9