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Rating the risks of anticoagulant rodenticides in the aquatic environment: a review

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Abstract

Anticoagulant rodenticides are used worldwide to control commensal rodents for hygienic and public health reasons. As anticoagulants act on all vertebrates, risk is high for unintentional poisoning of terrestrial and aquatic wildlife. Causative associations have been demonstrated for the unintended poisoning of terrestrial nontarget organisms. However, behavior and fate of anticoagulant rodenticides in the aquatic environment have received minimal attention in the past despite considerable acute toxicity of several anticoagulants to aquatic species such as fish. In light of recent regulatory developments in the European Union concerning rodenticides, we critically review available information on the environmental occurrence, fate, and impact of anticoagulant rodenticides in the aquatic environment and identify potential risks and routes of exposure as well as further research needs. Recent findings of anticoagulant rodenticides in raw and treated wastewater, sewage sludge, estuarine sediments, suspended particulate matter, and liver tissue of freshwater fish in the low ng/L and µg/kg range, respectively, demonstrate that the aquatic environment experiences a greater risk of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure than previously thought. While the anticoagulant’s mechanism of action from the molecular through cellular levels is well understood, substantial data gaps exist regarding the understanding of exposure pathways and potential adverse effects of chronic exposure with multiple active ingredients. Anticoagulants accumulating in aquatic wildlife are likely to be transferred in the food chain, causing potentially serious consequences for the health of wildlife and humans alike.

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Acknowledgements

Support of this study was provided by the German Environment Agency through Grant FKZ 3716 67 403 0.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, 56068, Koblenz, Germany

    Julia Regnery, Pia Parrhysius, Georg Reifferscheid, Robert S. Schulz & Marvin Brinke

  2. Sect. IV 1.2 Biocides, Federal Environment Agency, 06813, Dessau-Rosslau, Germany

    Anton Friesen & Eleonora Petersohn

  3. Sect. IV 1.4 Health Pests and Their Control, Federal Environment Agency, 14195, Berlin, Germany

    Anke Geduhn & Erik Schmolz

  4. Department of Environmental and Food Analysis, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, 57392, Schmallenberg, Germany

    Bernd Göckener

  5. Hamm-Lippstadt University of Applied Sciences, Department 2, 59063, Hamm, Germany

    Matthias Kotthoff

  6. Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany

    Jan Schwarzbauer

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Regnery, J., Friesen, A., Geduhn, A. et al. Rating the risks of anticoagulant rodenticides in the aquatic environment: a review. Environ Chem Lett 17, 215–240 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0788-6

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