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Alpha-Mangostin and its nano-conjugates induced programmed cell death in Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype

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Abstract

Acanthamoeba are free living amoebae that are the causative agent of keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Alpha-Mangostin (AMS) is a significant xanthone; that demonstrates a wide range of biological activities. Here, the anti-amoebic activity of α-Mangostin and its silver nano conjugates (AMS-AgNPs) were evaluated against pathogenic A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts in vitro. Amoebicidal assays showed that both AMS and AMS-AgNPs inhibited the viability of A. castellanii dose-dependently, with an IC50 of 88.5 ± 2.04 and 20.2 ± 2.17 μM, respectively. Both formulations inhibited A. castellanii-mediated human keratinocyte cell cytopathogenicity. Functional assays showed that both samples caused apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production, while increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) cytochrome-c reductase in the cytosol. Whole transcriptome sequencing of A. castellanii showed the expression of 826 genes, with 447 genes being up-regulated and 379 genes being down-regulated post treatment. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that the majority of genes were linked to apoptosis, autophagy, RAP1, AGE-RAGE and oxytocin signalling pathways. Seven genes (PTEN, H3, ARIH1, SDR16C5, PFN, glnA GLUL, and SRX1) were identified as the most significant (Log2 (FC) value 4) for molecular mode of action in vitro. Future in vivo studies with AMS and nanoconjugates are needed to realize the clinical potential of this work.

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Acknowledgements

This research work was supported by Sunway University, Malaysia, and University of Karachi, Pakistan.

Funding

This research work was supported by Sunway University, Malaysia (Individual research grant, GRTIN-IRG-10–2022). Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui and Naveed Ahmed Khan are supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), USA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia

    Usman Ahmed, Seng-Kai Ong, Kuan Onn Tan & Ayaz Anwar

  2. H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan

    Khalid Mohammed Khan

  3. Microbiota Research Center, Istinye University, Istanbul, 34010, Turkey

    Naveed Ahmed Khan & Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui

  4. Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom

    Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui

  5. Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, 42353, Madinah, Saudi Arabia

    Bader Saleem Alawfi

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Contributions

SKO, AA and NAK conceived the study. AA, RS and KMK designed experiments. UA carried out all experiments under the supervision of AA, KOT, KMK, NAK, SKO, BSA, and RS. UA and AA analyzed data and prepared the first draft of the manuscript. All authors read, corrected and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Naveed Ahmed Khan or Ayaz Anwar.

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Key points

• Alpha-Mangostin is a xanthone with biological activities.

• α-Mangostin (AMS) inhibited viability of A. castellanii.

• AMS caused apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.

• AMS inhibited A. castellanii-mediated human cells cytopathogenicity.

• Transcriptome analysis showed significant expression of 826 genes.

• KEGG analysis showed autophagy, RAP1, AGE-RAGE and oxytocin signalling.

• PTEN,H3,ARIH1,SDR16C5,PFN,glnA GLUL, and SRX1) were found significant.

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Ahmed, U., Ong, SK., Tan, K.O. et al. Alpha-Mangostin and its nano-conjugates induced programmed cell death in Acanthamoeba castellanii belonging to the T4 genotype. Int Microbiol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10123-023-00450-1

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