Abstract
The purpose of this study is to see in which forms and under which conditions social presence turns into collaboration. Eight couples were asked to find some objects in a virtual environment in which collaboration was allowed but not mandatory. The qualitative analysis of the video recordings shows that all participants resorted to collaboration in forms that were justified by the requirements of the task, the environmental affordances and the different expertise.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
The multi-user VE for this study was developed with Superscape VRT 5.6 and presented in 256 colours on the 640×480 V8 HMD from Virtual Research.
Unilateral offers of information or comments that were not part of an “exchange” (or “adjacency pair”, in conversation analytic terms) were not included.
Unilateral offers of information or comments that were not part of an “exchange” (or “adjacency pair”, in conversation analytic terms) were not included.
This difference is not explained by the fact that participants knew each other before the experiment, and because they were well acquainted with the experimenter assisting them during the session, as well also in charge of participants recruitment.
References
Atkinson JM, Heritage J (1984) Structures of social action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Benford S, Greenhalgh C, Reynard G, Brown C, Koleva B (1998) Understanding and constructing shared spaced with mixed-reality boundaries. ACM T Human-Comput Interact 5(3):185–223
Biocca F, Harms C (2002a) Social presence. Presentation at the SIGGRAPH 2002 conference, San Antonio, TX, 21–26 July 2002
Biocca F, Harms C (2002b) Networked minds social presence inventory. Measures of co-presence, social presence, subjective symmetry, and intersubjective symmetry. http://www.mindlab.msu.edu/Biocca/papers/2002_netminds_scales.pdf
Churchill EF, Snowdon DN, Munro AJ (2001) Collaborative virtual environments. Springer, London
Fraser M, Glover T, Vaghi I, Benford S, Greenhalgh C, Hindmarsch J, Heath C (2000) Revealing the realities of collaborative virtual reality. In: Proceedings of CVE 2000, ACM Press, pp 29–37
Gamberini L, Cottone P, Spagnolli A, Varotto D, Mantovani G (2003) Responding to a fire emergency in a virtual environment: different patterns of actions for different situations. Ergonomics 46(8):842–858
Gamberini L, Spagnolli A (2003) Display techniques and methods for cross-medial data analysis. Psychnology 1(2):131–140 http://www.psychnology.org
Heath C, Hindmarsh J (2002) Analysing interaction: video, ethnography and situated conduct. In: May T (ed) Qualitative research in action. Sage, London, pp 99–121
Heeter C (1992) Being there: the subjective experience of presence. Presence-Teleop Virt 1(2):262–271
Lombard M, Ditton T (1997) At the heart of it all: the concept of presence. J Comput Mediated Commun 3(2)
Mantovani G (1996) New communication environments. Taylor and Francis, London
Mantovani G, Riva G (1999) Real presence: how different ontologies generate different criteria for presence, telepresence and virtual presence. Presence-Teleop Virt 5(7):540–550
Mantovani G, Gamberini L, Martinelli M, Varotto D (2000) Exploring the suitability of virtual environments for safety training. Cognit Technol Work 2:1–9
Nocker M, Garcia-Lorenzo L (2003) Teaming in action: knowledge creation and sharing in project teams. 19th EGOS colloquium. Organization analysis informing social and global development, 3–5 July 2003, Copenhagen
Spagnolli A, Gamberini L (2002) IMMERSION/EMERSION: presence in hybrid environments. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Presence, Porto, Portugal, F. Pessoa University Press, pp 421–434
Sproull L, Kiesler S (1991) Connections: new ways of working in the networked organization. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Waterworth EL, Waterworth JA (2001) Focus, locus and sensus: the three dimensions of virtual experience. Cyberpsychol Behav 4(2):203–213
Zahoric P, Jenison RL (1998) Presence and being-in-the-world. Presence-Teleop Virt 7(3):225–240
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Antinea Pezzè, Sara Colognesi and Fabiola Scarpetta for their help with the transcription.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gamberini, L., Spagnolli, A., Cottone, P. et al. The “presence of others” in a virtual environment: different collaborative modalities with hybrid resources. Cogn Tech Work 6, 45–48 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-003-0140-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-003-0140-0