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Medizinische Aspekte zum Lawinenunfall

Medical aspects of avalanche accidents

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Zusammenfassung

Jährlich sterben in den Alpen 100 Personen durch Lawinen, dabei beträgt die Letalität bei Ganzverschüttung 52%, bei Teilverschüttung 4%. Die Überlebenswahrscheinlichkeit bei Ganzverschüttung fällt von der 18. bis zur 35. Minute von 91% auf 34% steil ab und bleibt dann konstant bis zu einem 2. Abfall bei 90 min. Falls keine schweren Verletzungen vorliegen, hängt die Behandlungsstrategie vor allem von der Verschüttungsdauer und Kerntemperatur ab. Bei einer Verschüttungsdauer ≤35 min gilt es, die akute Asphyxie durch rasche Bergung und kardiopulmonale Reanimation zu verhindern. Bei >35 min Verschüttungsdauer ist die Behandlung der Hypothermie vorrangig, dabei sind sanfte Bergung, EKG-Monitoring und Messung der Kerntemperatur die wichtigsten Maßnahmen. Pulslose Lawinenopfer mit Kerntemperatur <32°C und freien Atemwegen sollten unter ständiger kardiopulmonaler Reanimation in eine Klinik zur extrakorporalen Wiedererwärmung gebracht werden.

Abstract

Median annual mortality from snow avalanches in the Alps is 100, with mortality rate of 52% in completely-buried, versus 4% in partially buried persons. Survival probability in completely-buried victims plummets from 91% 18 min after burial to 34% at 35 min. Then it remains fairly constant until a second drop after 90 min. Strategy of rescuers is primarily governed by the length of snow burial and victim’s core temperature, in the absence of fatal injuries. With a burial time ≤35 min survival depends on preventing asphyxia by rapid extrication and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. With a burial time >35 min combating hypothermia becomes of paramount importance. Gentle extrication, ECG and core temperature monitoring are mandatory; pulse-less victims with core temperature <32°C (prerequisites being free airways) should be transported under continuous cardiopulmonary resuscitation to a special unit for extracorporeal re-warming.

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Brugger, H., Paal, P., Hohlrieder, M. et al. Medizinische Aspekte zum Lawinenunfall. Notfall Rettungsmed 11, 505–513 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10049-008-1109-6

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