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Nitrate as a parameter for differentiating groundwater flow systems in urban and agricultural areas: the case of Morelia-Capula area, Mexico

Les nitrates comme paramètre permettant de différencier les systèmes d’écoulement des eaux souterraines dans les zones urbaines et agricoles: le cas de la région de Morelia-Capula au Mexique

El nitrato Como un parámetro para diferenciar los sistemas de flujo de agua subterránea en áreas urbanas y rurales: el caso del área de Morelia-Capula, México

硝酸盐作为区分城市区和农业区的地下水流系统的参数:墨西哥莫雷利亚-卡普拉地区的研究案例

Nitrato come parametro per differenziare i sistemi di flusso delle acque sotterranee nelle aree urbane e rurali: il caso dell’area di Morelia-Capula, Messico

Nitrato Como um parâmetro para diferenciar sistemas de fluxo de águas subterrâneas em áreas urbanas e agrícolas: o caso da área de Morelia-Capula, México

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Abstract

Nitrate is found in groundwater due to natural and anthropic processes. Nitrate content in groundwater is associated with factors such as human activities, soil type, climate, geology and chemistry of groundwater. Some of these factors (climate and geology) coincide with those that determine the type of groundwater flow system (local, intermediate or regional) present in an area which, in turn, is influenced by climate, stratigraphy, and type of subsoil and surface rocks; therefore, it is expected that the concentration of nitrate is related to the type of groundwater flow. The relationship between the concentration of nitrate in groundwater samples and the type of flow was analyzed in an aquifer system located in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Arc, within the Michoacán-Guanajuato volcanic complex. The system is composed of two hydrogeological units, one volcanic and the other sedimentary, with the presence of geological faults, in a context where there is agricultural activity and deficient domestic wastewater management. To improve understanding of the overall aquifer system, 34 groundwater samples (28 wells, 6 springs) were analyzed. The results indicate that each flow system presents characteristic patterns of nitrate concentration and groundwater chemical composition. A high nitrate concentration was found in local and local-intermediate flow systems. Nitrate concentration decreased from local to intermediate and regional flows. The nitrate concentration decreased depending on groundwater flow direction, so it is possible to use nitrate as a parameter to differentiate groundwater flow systems.

Résumé

Les nitrates sont présents dans les eaux souterraines en raison de processus naturels et anthropiques. La teneur en nitrates dans les eaux souterraines est associée à des facteurs tels que les activités humaines, le type de sol, le climat, la géologie et la chimie des eaux souterraines. Certains de ces facteurs (climat et géologie) coïncident avec ceux qui déterminent le type de système d’écoulement des eaux souterraines (local, intermédiaire ou régional) présent dans une zone qui est, à son tour, influencée par le climat, la stratigraphie et le type de sous-sol et de roches de surface; par conséquent, on s’attend à ce que la concentration en nitrates soit liée au type d’écoulement des eaux souterraines. La relation entre la concentration de nitrates dans les échantillons d’eau souterraine et le type d’écoulement a été analysée dans un système aquifère situé dans l'Arc Volcanique Trans-Mexicaine, au sein du complexe volcanique de Michoacán-Guanajuato. Le système est composé de deux unités hydrogéologiques, l’une volcanique et l’autre sédimentaire, avec la présence de failles géologiques, dans un contexte d’activité agricole et de gestion déficiente des eaux usées domestiques. Pour améliorer la compréhension de l’ensemble du système aquifère, 34 échantillons d’eau souterraine (28 puits, 6 sources) ont été analysés. Les résultats indiquent que chaque système d’écoulement présente des signatures caractéristiques de concentrations en nitrates et de composition chimique des eaux souterraines. Une forte concentration en nitrates a été obtenue dans les systèmes d’écoulement local et local-intermédiaire. La concentration en nitrates a diminué des flux locaux aux flux intermédiaires et régionaux. La concentration en nitrates a diminué en fonction de la direction du flux d’eau souterraine. Il est donc possible d’utiliser les nitrates comme paramètre permettant de différencier les systèmes d’écoulement d’eau souterraine.

Resumen

El nitrato se encuentra en el agua subterránea debido a procesos naturales y antrópicos. El contenido de nitrato en el agua subterránea está asociado con factores tales como las actividades humanas, el tipo de suelo, el clima, la geología y la química del agua subterránea. Algunos de estos factores (clima y geología) coinciden con los que determinan el tipo de sistema de flujo de agua subterránea (local, intermedio o regional) presente en un área que, a su vez, está influenciada por el clima, la estratigrafía, el tipo de subsuelo y rocas superficiales; por lo tanto, se espera que la concentración de nitrato esté relacionada con el tipo de flujo de agua subterránea. La relación entre la concentración de nitrato en muestras de agua subterránea y el tipo de flujo se analizó en un sistema acuífero localizado en el Arco Volcánico Trans-Mexicano, dentro del complejo volcánico Michoacán-Guanajuato. El sistema acuífero está compuesto por dos unidades hidrogeológicas, una volcánica y otra sedimentaria, con presencia de fallas geológicas, en un contexto donde existe actividad agrícola y un manejo deficiente de las aguas residuales domésticas. Para profundizar en el conocimiento del sistema acuífero, se analizaron 34 muestras de agua subterránea (28 pozos, 6 manantiales). Los resultados indican que cada sistema de flujo presenta patrones característicos de concentración de nitrato y composición química del agua subterránea. Una alta concentración de nitrato se encontró en los sistemas de flujos locales y locales-intermedios. La concentración de nitrato disminuye conforme los flujos pasan de locales a intermedios y regionales. La concentración del nitrato disminuye en dirección del flujo de agua subterránea, por lo que es posible usar el nitrato como un parámetro para diferenciar los sistemas de flujo de agua subterránea.

摘要

由于自然和人为过程,地下水中发现有硝酸盐。地下水中的硝酸盐含量与人类活动、土壤类型、地质条件和地下水中的化学条件等诸多因素相关。有些因素(气候和地质条件)与本地区存在的那些确定地下水水流类型(局部、中间级或者区域)的因素完全一致,这些因素反过来也受到气候、地形、下层土壤的类型和地表下岩石的影响;因此,预计硝酸盐的含量与地下水流类型有关。对位于Michoacán-Guanajuato火山岩系内跨墨西哥火山带的含水层系统地下水样中的硝酸盐含量和水流类型之间的相互关系进行了分析。该含水层系统由两个水文地质单元组成,一个是火山岩单元,另一个是沉积岩单元,并伴有地质断层,本地区存在着农业活动,家庭污水管理较差。为了进一步了解整个含水层系统,分析了34个地下水水样(28个水井水样和6个泉水水样)。结果表明,每一个水流系统呈现出的硝酸盐含量和地下水化学组分模式各具特色。在局部和局部-中间级水流系统中发现硝酸盐含量很高。硝酸盐含量从局部到中间级和区域呈下降趋势。硝酸盐含量的降低取决于地下水流方向,因此,采用硝酸盐作为区分地下水流系统的参数是可能的。

Riassunto

Il nitrato si trova nelle acque sotterranee a causa di processi naturali e antropici. Il contenuto di nitrato nelle acque sotterranee è associato a fattori come attività umane, tipo di suolo, clima, geologia e chimica delle acque sotterranee. Alcuni di questi fattori (clima e geologia) coincidono con quelli che determinano il tipo di sistema di flusso di acque sotterranee (locale, intermedio o regionale) presente in un’area che, a sua volta, è influenzata dal clima, dalla stratigrafia, tipo di sottosuolo e rocce superficiali; pertanto si prevede che la concentrazione di nitrati sia correlata al tipo di flusso di acque sotterranee. La relazione tra la concentrazione di nitrato nei campioni di acque sotterranee e il tipo di flusso è stata analizzata in un sistema acquifero situato nel Arco Vulcanico Trans-Messicano, all’interno del complesso vulcanico di Michoacán-Guanajuato. Il sistema acquifero è composto da due unità idrogeologiche, una vulcanica e l’altra sedimentaria, con la presenza di faglie geologiche, in un contesto in cui vi è attività agricola e carenza di gestione delle acque reflue domestiche. Per migliorare la comprensione del sistema acquifero, sono stati analizzati 34 campioni di acque sotterranee (28 pozzetti, 6 sorgenti). I risultati indicano che ogni sistema di flusso presenta schemi caratteristici di concentrazione di nitrato e composizione chimica delle acque sotterranee. Un’alta concentrazione di nitrato è stata trovata nei sistemi di flussi locali e locali-intermedi. La concentrazione di nitrato diminuisce man mano che i flussi si spostano da locale a intermedio e regionale. La concentrazione di nitrato diminuisce nella direzione del flusso di acque sotterranee, quindi è possibile utilizzare il nitrato come parametro per differenziare i sistemi di flusso delle acque sotterranee.

Resumo

O nitrato é encontrado nas águas subterrâneas devido a processos naturais e antrópicos. O teor de nitrato nas águas subterrâneas está associado a fatores como atividades humanas, tipo de solo, clima, geologia e química das águas subterrâneas. Alguns destes fatores (clima e geologia) coincidem com aqueles que determinam o tipo de sistema de fluxo das águas subterrâneas (local, intermediário ou regional) presente em uma área, que, por sua vez, é influenciada pelo clima, estratigrafia e tipo de subsolo e rochas de superfície; portanto, espera-se que a concentração de nitrato esteja relacionada ao tipo de fluxo das águas subterrâneas. A relação entre a concentração de nitrato em amostras de águas subterrâneas e o tipo do fluxo foi analisada em um sistema aquífero localizado no Arco Vulcânico Trans-Mexicano, dentro dos limites do Complexo Vulcânico Michoacán-Guanajuato. O sistema é composto por duas unidades hidrogeológicas, sendo uma vulcânica e outra sedimentar, com a presença de falhas geológicas, em um contexto caracterizado por atividades agrícolas e gestão de águas residuárias deficiente. Para melhorar a compreensão de todo o sistema aquífero, 34 amostras de águas subterrâneas (28 poços e 6 nascentes) foram analisadas. Os resultados indicam que cada sistema de fluxo apresenta padrões característicos de concentração de nitrato e composição química das águas subterrâneas. Uma alta concentração de nitrato foi encontrada em sistemas de fluxo local e intermediário-local. As concentrações de nitrato decresceram dos fluxos locais para os intermediários e regionais. A concentração de nitrato diminuiu de acordo com a direção do fluxo de água subterrânea, indicando que o nitrato pode ser utilizado como parâmetro para diferenciar os sistemas de fluxo de águas subterrâneas.

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Acknowledgements

For having performed the analysis of anions, cations and trace elements, we thank Carolina Muñoz Torres of the Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory of the Geosciences Center (CGEO) of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). We would like to express our gratitude to the Local Commission (OOAPAS) and the National Water Commission (CONAGUA) for allowing us access to their databases and groundwater wells to gather information from the Morelia-Capula area.

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This work was completed thanks to the support of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) who granted the doctoral fellowship 172301.

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Pérez Villarreal, J., Ávila Olivera, J.A., Israde Alcántara, I. et al. Nitrate as a parameter for differentiating groundwater flow systems in urban and agricultural areas: the case of Morelia-Capula area, Mexico. Hydrogeol J 27, 1767–1778 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01933-0

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