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Using tracer-derived groundwater transit times to assess storage within a high-elevation watershed of the upper Colorado River Basin, USA

Utilisation des temps de transit des eaux souterraines, obtenus par traçage, pour évaluer le stockage du bassin amont du Colorado, USA

Uso de tiempos de tránsito del agua subterránea derivados de trazadores para evaluar el almacenamiento en una cuenca hidrográfica de alta elevación en la Cuenca Alta del Río Colorado, EE.UU

采用由示踪剂得到的地下水经过时间评价美国上科罗拉多河盆地一个高海拔流域内的储水量

Usando tempo de trânsito das águas subterrâneas derivado de traçadores para avaliar o armazenamento dentro de uma bacia de alta altitude na Bacia do Alto Colorado, EUA

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Abstract

Previous watershed assessments have relied on annual baseflow to evaluate the groundwater contribution to streams. To quantify the volume of groundwater in storage, additional information such as groundwater mean transit time (MTT) is needed. This study determined the groundwater MTT in the West Fork Duchesne watershed in Utah (USA) with lumped-parameter modeling of environmental tracers (SF6, CFCs, and 3H/3He) from 21 springs. Approximately 30% of the springs exhibited an exponential transit time distribution (TTD); the remaining ~70% were best characterized by a piston-flow TTD. The flow-weighted groundwater MTT for the West Fork watershed is about 40 years with approximately 20 years in the unsaturated zone. A cumulative distribution of these ages revealed that most of the groundwater is between 30 and 50 years old, suggesting that declining recharge associated with 5–10-year droughts is less likely to have a profound effect on this watershed compared with systems with shorter MTTs. The estimated annual baseflow of West Fork stream flow based on chemical hydrograph separation is ~1.7 × 107 m3/year, a proxy for groundwater discharge. Using both MTT and groundwater discharge, the volume of mobile groundwater stored in the watershed was calculated to be ~6.5 × 108 m3, or ~20 m thickness of active groundwater storage and recharge of ~0.09 m/year (assuming porosity = 15%). Future watershed-scale assessments should evaluate groundwater MTT, in addition to annual baseflow, to quantify groundwater storage and more accurately assess watershed susceptibility to drought, groundwater extraction, and land-use change.

Résumé

Les estimations préalables de bassin versant ont été reliées au débit de base pour évaluer la participation de l’eau souterraine aux cours d’eau superficiels. Afin de quantifier le volume d’eau souterraine stockée, des informations supplémentaires, tel. le temps de transit moyen (TTM) des eaux souterraines sont nécessaires. Cette étude a déterminé le TTM des eaux souterraines dans le bassin versant de la West Fork Duchesne dans l’Utah (USA) à partir d’une modélisation à paramètres localisés des traceurs environnementaux (SF6, CFCs et 3H/3He) mesurés à 21 sources. Approximativement 30% des sources présentent une distribution des temps de transit exponentielle (DTT); les 70% restants sont mieux caractérisées par un modèle piston DTTD. Le TTM des eaux souterraines du bassin de la West Fork, pondéré par les débits, est. d’environ 40 ans avec approximativement 20 ans dans la zone non saturée. Une distribution cumulative de ces âges a révélé que la majeure partie des eaux souterraines est. âgée entre 30 et 50 ans, suggérant que la diminution de recharge associé aux 5 à 10 ans de sécheresse a probablement moins d’impact sur le bassin versant que sur des systèmes à plus faibles TTMs. Le débit de base annuel estimé de la rivière West Fork, basé sur une séparation chimique de l’hydrogramme de crue est. de ~1.7 × 107 m3/an, un indicateur de l’apport des eaux souterraines. En utilisant à la fois le TTM et l’apport des eaux souterraines, le volume d’eau gravitaire stocké dans le bassin versant a été calculé égal à ~6.5 × 108 m3, soit ~20 m d’épaisseur de stockage actif d’eau souterraines et une recharge de ~0.09 m/an (en supposant une porosité de 15%).Les futures estimations de tailles de bassin versant devraient évaluer le TTM, en plus du débit de base annuel, pour quantifier le stockage d’eau souterraine et apprécier plus précisément la sensibilité du bassin versant à la sécheresse, l’extraction d’eau souterraine et le changement d’occupation des sols.

Resumen

Las evaluaciones previas de las cuencas hidrográficas se han basado en el flujo de base anual para evaluar la contribución del agua subterránea a las corrientes de agua. Para cuantificar el volumen de agua subterránea almacenada, se necesita información adicional como el tiempo medio de transporte (MTT) del agua subterránea. Este estudio determinó el MTT del agua subterránea en la cuenca de West Fork Duchesne en Utah (EEUU, con el modelado de parámetros ambientales de trazadores ambientales (SF6, CFCs, and 3H/3He) de 21 manantiales. Aproximadamente el 30% de los manantiales exhibieron una distribución exponencial del tiempo de tránsito (TTD); El ~70% restante se caracterizó mejor por un TTD de flujo pistón. El MTT del agua subterránea ponderado por flujo para la cuenca de West Fork es de aproximadamente 40 años con alrededor de 20 años en la zona no saturada. Una distribución acumulativa de estas edades reveló que la mayor parte del agua subterránea tiene entre 30 y 50 años de edad, lo que sugiere que la disminución de la recarga asociada con sequías de 5–10 años es menos probable que tenga un efecto profundo en esta cuenca en comparación con sistemas con MTTs más cortos. El flujo de base anual estimado del flujo de la corriente de West Fork basado en la separación del hidrograma químico es ~1.7 × 107 m3/ año - un indicador para la descarga de agua subterránea. Se calculó que el volumen de agua subterránea en movimiento almacenada en la cuenca fue de ~6.5 × 108 m3, o ~20 m de almacenamiento activo de agua subterránea y recarga de ~0.09 m año (suponiendo una porosidad = 15%). Las futuras evaluaciones a escala de cuenca deberían evaluar el MTT del s agua subterránea, además del flujo base anual, para cuantificar el almacenamiento de agua subterránea y evaluar con mayor precisión la susceptibilidad a la sequía, la extracción del agua subterránea y el cambio en el uso de la tierra.

摘要

过去的流域评价依赖于每年的基流来评估地下水流入河流的量。为了量化储存的地下水数量,需要额外的信息诸如地下水平均经过时间。利用21个泉环境示踪剂(SF6, CFCs 和 3H/3He)集中参数模拟,本研究确定了(美国)犹他州West Fork Duchesne流域的地下水平均经过时间。大约30%的泉展示出了指数经过时间分布;剩下的大约70%的泉最大的特征就是活塞流经过时间分布。West Fork流域水流加权的地下水平均经过时间大约为40年,其中大约20年在非饱和带。这些年龄的累积分布揭示,大多数地下水的年龄为30到50年,表明,与具有更短的平均经过时间的系统相比,和5–10年干旱相关联的补给量下降对本流域的影响较小。基于化学分离自记水位计的West Fork河流量为大约1.7 × 107 m3/年--等于地下水排泄量。采用平均经过时间和地下水排泄量,计算了储存在流域内的流动地下水量,大约为6.5 × 108 m3,或者相当于大约20 m 厚的活跃地下水储存量,补给量大约为 ~0.09 m/年(假定孔隙度 = 15%)。未来流域尺度的评价应当评估地下水平均经过时间,加上每年的基流量,来量化地下水储存量,更精确地评价流域对干旱、抽取地下水和土地利用变化的敏感性。

Resumo

Avaliações anteriores de bacias hidrográficas basearam-se no fluxo de base anual para avaliar a contribuição das águas subterrâneas para canais de drenagem. Para quantificar o volume de água subterrânea armazenada, é necessária informação adicional tal como o tempo médio de transito (TMT) das águas subterrâneas. Este estudo determinou o TMT das águas subterrâneas na bacia de West Fork Duchesne em Utah (EUA) com modelagem de parâmetros concentrados por traçadores ambientais (SF6, CFCs e 3H/3He) de 21 nascentes. Aproximadamente 30% das nascentes demonstraram uma distribuição do tempo de transito (DTT) exponencial; as restantes ~70% foram melhor caracterizadas por DTT de fluxo de pistão. O TMT ponderado do fluxo das águas subterrâneas para a bacia West Fork é cerca de 40 anos com aproximadamente 20 anos na zona não-saturada. Uma distribuição cumulativa dessas idades revelou que a maioria das águas subterrâneas tem entre 30 e 50 anos, sugerindo que a recarga em declínio associada a secas de 5–10 anos é menos provável que tenha um efeito intenso nesta bacia em comparação com sistemas com TMT mais curtos. O fluxo de base anual estimado de West Folk com base na separação química de hidrógrafas é de ~1.7 × 107 m3/ano, uma representação para a descarga das águas subterrâneas. Utilizando o TMT e a descarga de água subterrânea, o volume móvel de água subterrânea armazenada na bacia foi calculado para ser ~6.5 × 108 m3, ou ~20 m de espessura do estoque de água ativo e recarga de ~0.09 m/ano (assumindo porosidade = 15%). Futuras avaliações em escala de bacia hidrográfica poderão avaliar o TMT das águas subterrâneas, além do fluxo de base anual, para quantificar o armazenamento de água e avaliar com maior precisão a suscetibilidade da baca hidrográfica à seca, extração de águas subterrâneas e mudança no uso da terra.

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Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by the US Geological Survey’s Water Census Program.

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  1. Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Utah, 115 South 1460 East, Salt Lake City, UT, 84115, USA

    Jennifer L. Georgek & D. Kip Solomon

  2. US Geol Surv, Salt Lake City, UT, USA

    Victor M. Heilweil & Matthew P. Miller

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  1. Jennifer L. Georgek
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Georgek, J.L., Kip Solomon, D., Heilweil, V.M. et al. Using tracer-derived groundwater transit times to assess storage within a high-elevation watershed of the upper Colorado River Basin, USA. Hydrogeol J 26, 467–480 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-017-1655-4

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