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Assessment of groundwater vulnerability based on a modified DRASTIC model, GIS and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method: the case of Egirdir Lake basin (Isparta, Turkey)

Evaluation de la vulnérabilité de l’eau souterraine basée sur un modèle DRASTIC modifié, sur un SIG et une procédure analytique hiérarchisée (AHP) : le cas du bassin du Lac Egirdir (Isparta, Turquie)

Evaluación de la vulnerabilidad del agua subterránea basada en un modelo DRASTIC modificado, SIG y el método del proceso jerárquico analítico (AHP): el caso de la cuenca del lago Egirdir (Isparta, Turquía)

基于改进的DRASTIC模型以及GIS和层次分析法(AHP)的地下水脆弱性评价:土耳其伊斯帕尔塔Egirdir湖盆案例

Avaliação da vulnerabilidade da água subterrânea baseada num modelo DRASTIC modificado, SIG e um processo analítico hierárquico (PAH): o caso da bacia do Lago Egirdir (Isparta, Turquia)

Modifiye DRASTIC, CBS ve AHS Yöntemleri ile Yeraltısuyu Kirlenebilirliğinin Değerlendirilmesi: Eğirdir Gölü Havzası Örneği (Isparta, Türkiye)

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Abstract

A DRASTIC-model method based on a geographic information system (GIS) was used to study groundwater vulnerability in Egirdir Lake basin (Isparta, Turkey), an alluvial area that has suffered agricultural pollution. ‘Lineament’ and ‘land use’ were added to the DRASTIC parameters, and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method determined the rating coefficients of each parameter. The effect of lineament and land-use parameters on the resulting vulnerability maps was determined with a single-parameter sensitivity analysis. Of the DRASTIC parameters, land use affects the aquifer vulnerability map most and lineament affects it least, after topography. A simple linear regression analysis assessed the statistical relation between groundwater nitrate concentration and the aquifer vulnerability areas; the highest R 2 value was obtained with the modified-DRASTIC-AHP method. The DRASTIC vulnerability map shows that only the shoreline of Egirdir Lake and the alluvium units have high contamination potential. In this respect, the modified DRASTIC vulnerability map is quite similar. According to the modified-DRASTIC-AHP method, the lakeshore areas of Senirkent-Uluborlu and Hoyran plains, and all of the Yalvaç-Gelendost plain, have high contamination potential. Analyses confirm that groundwater nitrate content is high in these areas. By comparison, the modified-DRASTIC-AHP method has provided more valid results.

Résumé

Une méthode basée sur un modèle DRASTIC modifié et sur un SIG a été utilisée pour étudier la vulnérabilité de la nappe du bassin du Lac Egirdir (Isparta, Turquie), une zone alluviale qui a souffert d’une pollution agricole. ‘Lineament’ et ‘land use’ ont été superposés aux paramètres DRASTIC, et une méthode analytique basée sur une démarche hiérarchisée (AHP) a déterminé la pondération de chaque paramètre. L’incidence des paramètres ‘linéament’ et ‘land-use’ sur les cartes de vulnérabilité a été déterminée par analyse de sensibilité mono-paramétrique. Parmi les paramètres DRASTIC, les composantes ‘land use’ affectent le plus la carte de vulnérabilité de l’aquifère et ‘linéament’ de façon moindre après la topographie. Une analyse de régression linéaire simple a établi la relation statistique entre la concentration en nitrates de l’eau du sol et la vulnérabilité spécifique de la zone ; la plus grande valeur R 2 a été obtenue avec la méthode DRASTIC-AHP modifiée. La carte de vulnérabilité DRASTIC montre que la seule ligne de rivage du Lac Elgidir et les unités alluvionnaires ont un potentiel de contamination élevé. Sous cet angle, la carte de vulnérabilité DRASTIC modifiée est tout à fait similaire. Selon la méthode DRASTIC-AHP modifiée, les régions rivulaires des plaines Senirkent-Uluborlu et Hoyran, et la totalité de la plaine Yalvaç-Gelendost ont un potentiel de contamination élevé. Des analyses confirment que la concentration en nitrate dans la nappe est élevée dans ces régions. Comparativement, la méthode DRASTIC-AHP modifiée a fourni de meilleurs résultats.

Resumen

Se usó un método del modelo DRASTIC basado en un sistema de información geográfica (SIG) para estudiar la vulnerabilidad del agua subterránea en la Cuenca del lago Egirdir (Isparta, Turquía), un área aluvial que ha sufrido contaminación agrícola. Se adicionaron ‘Lineamentos’ y ‘uso de la tierra’ a los parámetros de DRASTIC, y un método del proceso jerárquico analítico (AHP) determinó los coeficientes de calificación de cada uno de los parámetros. El efecto de los parámetros de lineamientos y uso de la tierra sobre los mapas de vulnerabilidad resultantes se determinó con un simple análisis de sensibilidad de los parámetros. De los parámetros de DRASTIC, el uso de la tierra es el que afecta más la vulnerabilidad del acuífero y los lineamientos en menor grado, después de la topografía. Un análisis de regresión lineal simple evaluó la relación estadística entre la concentración de nitrato en el agua subterránea y las áreas de vulnerabilidad del acuífero: el valor más alto de R 2 se obtuvo con el método DRASTIC-AHP modificado. El mapa de vulnerabilidad DRASTIC muestra que solamente la costa del Lago Egirdir y las unidades aluviales tienen una alta contaminación potencial. En ese sentido el mapa de vulnerabilidad DRASTIC modificado es bastante similar. De acuerdo al método DRASTIC-AHP modificado, las áreas costeras del lago de las planicies de las áreas de Senirkent-Uluborlu y Hoyran, y toda la planicie de Yalvaç-Gelendost, tienen un alto potencial a la contaminación. Los análisis confirman que el contenido de nitrato en el agua subterránea es alto es estas áreas. Por comparación, el método DRASTIC-AHP modificado ha provisto resultados más validos.

摘要

用基于地理信息系统(GIS)的DRASTIC模型方法来研究Egirdir湖盆(伊斯帕尔塔,土耳其)的地下水脆弱性,这个湖盆是个冲积区并且遭受了农业污染。“线性构造”和“土地利用”被增加为DRASTIC模型的参数,用层次分析法来确定每个参数的等级系数。线性构造和土地利用两个参数对脆弱性分布图的影响是由单一参数敏感性分析方法来确定的。在DRASTIC模型的所有参数中,土地利用对含水层脆弱性分布图的影响最大,线性构造影响最小,并且排在地形参数之后。用一个简单的线性回归分析评估了地下水硝酸盐含量和含水层脆弱性面积之间的统计关系,用改进的DRASTIC-AHP方法获得的相关性系数最大。DRASTIC脆弱性分布图表明只有Egirdir湖的湖岸线和冲积层单元遭受污染的可能性比较大。从这一点上来看,改进的DRASTIC脆弱性分布图与之非常的相似。根据改进的DRASTIC-AHP方法分析得出,Senirkent-Uluborlu 和 Hoyran 平原的湖岸区域以及整个Yalvaç-Gelendost 平原遭受污染的可能性都比较大。分析也证实了这些区域的硝酸盐含量比较高。通过比较,改进的DRASTIC-AHP方法提供了更有效的结果。

Resumo

Foi usado um método do modelo DRASTIC baseado num sistema de informação geográfica (SIG) para estudar a vulnerabilidade da água subterrânea na bacia do Lago Egirdir (Isparta, Turquia), uma área aluvionar afetada por poluição agrícola. ‘Lineamentos’ e ‘Uso do solo’ foram adicionados aos parâmetros DRASTIC e um método de processo analítico hierárquico (PAH) permitiu calcular os coeficientes de valoração de cada parâmetro. O efeito dos parâmetros de lineamento e de uso do solo nos mapas de vulnerabilidade gerados foi determinado com uma análise de sensibilidade de cada parâmetro. Do conjunto dos parâmetros DRASTIC, o uso do solo é o que afeta mais o mapa de vulnerabilidade do aquífero e o de lineamentos o que afeta menos, depois da topografia. Uma simples análise de regressão linear permitiu avaliar a relação estatística entre a concentração de nitrato na água subterrânea e as áreas de vulnerabilidade do aquífero; o valor mais elevado de R 2 foi obtido com o método DRASTIC-PAH modificado. O mapa de vulnerabilidade DRASTIC mostra que somente a margem do Lago Egirdir e as unidades aluvionares têm elevado potencial de contaminação. Neste aspecto, o mapa de vulnerabilidade DRASTIC modificada é bastante similar. De acordo com o método DRASTIC-PAH modificado, as margens do lago nas planícies de Senirkent-Uluborlu e Hoyran, e toda a planície de Yalvaç-Gelendost, têm elevado potencial de contaminação. As análises confirmam que nestas áreas a concentração de nitrato na água subterrânea é elevada. Por comparação, o método DRASTIC-PAH modificado proporcionou resultados mais válidos.

ÖZET

Eğirdir Gölü havzası içerisindeki tarımsal kirleticilerden etkilenen alüvyon alanların yeraltısuyu kirlenebilirliklerinin belirlenmesinde CBS tabanlı DRASTIC metot kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, DRASTIC parametrelerine “Çizgisellik” ve “arazi kullanım” parametreleri eklenmiş ve her bir parametrenin reyting katsayıları Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHS) metodu ile belirlenmiştir. Çizgisellik ve arazi kullanım parametrelerinin çalışma sonucunda elde edilen kirlenebilirlik haritası üzerindeki etkileri ise Tek Parametreli Hassasiyet Analizi ile belirlenmiş ve DRASTIC parametrelerinden arazi kullanım parametresinin akifer kirlenebilirlik haritasını en fazla etkilediği, çizgisellik parametresinin etkisinin ise topoğrafya parametresinden sonra en az olduğu görülmüştür. Basit lineer regresyon analizi ile yeraltısuyu nitrat konsantrasyonları ve akifer kirlenebilirlik haritaları arasındaki istatistiksel ilişki değerlendirildiğinde ise en yüksek R 2 değerinin Modifiye-DRASTIC-AHS metodu ile hazırlanan kirlenebilirlik haritasına ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada DRASTIC kirlenebilirlik haritası ile Modifiye-DRASTIC kirlenebilirlik haritasının oldukça benzer sonuçlara sahip olduğu ve bu haritalara göre yalnızca Eğirdir Gölü kıyılarının ve alüvyon birimlerin yüzeylendiği alanların yüksek kirlenebilirlik potansiyeline sahip olduğu gözlenmektedir. Modifiye-DRASTIC-AHS metoduna göre ise, Senirkent-Uluborlu ve Hoyran ovalarının göl kıyı alanları ve Yalvaç-Gelendost ovasının tamamı yüksek kirlenebilirlik potansiyeline sahiptir ve bu sonuçlar sözkonusu alanlarda yeraltısuyunda ölçülen yüksek nitrat konsantrasyonları ile doğrulanmaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan üç farklı yöntem karşılaştırıldığında, Modifiye DRASTIC-AHS metodunun diğerlerine göre daha gerçekçi sonuçlar verdiği belirlenmiştir.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) along with project No. 108Y258 and Scientific Research Projects of the Suleyman Demirel University (project No. 81-DES-09). The authors would like to thank Scientific Research Projects of Suleyman Demirel University which supported this work with the MSc Thesis project (project No. 2119). In addition, the authors would like to thank Assistant Prof. Dr. Şehnaz Şener for her contribution, and also Sue Duncan for the careful technical editing.

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Sener, E., Davraz, A. Assessment of groundwater vulnerability based on a modified DRASTIC model, GIS and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method: the case of Egirdir Lake basin (Isparta, Turkey). Hydrogeol J 21, 701–714 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0947-y

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